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                <text>Smagorowicz-Chojnowska, Małgorzata</text>
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                <text>The chosen currency regime places a state within the international economic order. Therefore, the exchange rate is a key to creating an internal financial system and opening it up to foreign participants. In this paper we would like to show the differences between China and the USA and examine their impact on potential changes on the distribution of power in the international system. We will also try to prove that this field is a missing link in preventing the final launching of a symmetrical bipolar system which will finally force China to accept the rules of a Washington Consen­sus instead of following its own patterns. The case study method will be used in order to compare market data and assess the role of currencies for the given model.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 119-136</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 22 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 119-136</text>
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                <text>Yuan Versus United States Dollar: the Defective Bipolar China–United States Relationship</text>
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                <text>The system of development assistance for Africa in recent years has become one of the most important tools in the rivalry between world powers on the continent. Due to the increasingly important position in the global system of China which is now competing with traditional donors, the problems with development assistance are gaining in importance as a potential area for competition among global powers. The aim of the article is to analyze the development assistance of China and the United States for Africa as part of the these two superpowers’ global rivalry.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4037</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 103-118</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 22 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 103-118</text>
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                <text>Development Assistance for Africa as Part of the Chinese–American Rivalry</text>
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                <text>Matera, Paulina</text>
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                <text>The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was negotiated with participation of the U.S. representatives from 2008. It was discussed not only in terms of the economic consequences of it. The proponents of signing TPP claimed that it would strengthen the alliances in Asia-Pacific region, curtail the Chinese influences and let the U.S. establish the global trade rules for the future. The debate on this issue took place in the Congress, also the front runners of the presidential elections of 2016 expressed their standpoints. The attitude of public opinion will be also presented as well as the position of Donald Trump which resulted in the withdrawal of the United States from the agreement once he became the President of the U.S.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4036</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 85-102</text>
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                <text>China as the Strategic Competitor in the Debate on TPP in the United States</text>
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                <text>The U.S. relations to Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) are since the end of the Cold War revolving around achieving a state of nuclear free Korean peninsula. As non-proliferation is a long term of American foreign policy, relations to North Korea could be categorized primarily under this umbrella. However, the issue of North Korean political system also plays role as it belongs to the other important, more normative category of U.S. foreign policy which is the protection of human rights and spreading of democracy and liberal values. In addition, the North Korean issue influences U.S. relations and interests in broader region of Northeast Asia, its bilateral alliances with South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK) and Japan as well as sensitive and complex relations to People’s Republic of China. As the current administration of president Donald J. Trump published its National security strategy and was fully occupied with the situation on Korean peninsula in its first year, the aim of the paper is to analyse the changes in evolution of U.S. North Korean policy under last three administrations, look at the different strategies adopted in order to achieve the same aim, the denuclearization. The paper does not provide a thorough analysis, neither looks at all documents adopted and presented in the U.S. or within the U.N. It more focuses on the general principles of particular strategies, most significant events in mutual relations as recorded by involved gov­ernmental officials and also weaknesses of these strategies as none has achieved desirable result. In conclusion, several options for current administration are drawn, however all of them require significant compromises and could be accompanied with series of setbacks dangerous for regional stability and U.S. position in the region.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 65-84</text>
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                <text>U.S. Foreign Policy Towards North Korea</text>
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                <text>Vietnam tries to respond to changing international situations, while attempting to stay in accordance with its own ambitions. China and the USA, the two superpowers, are the most important partners of Vietnamese strategy, which is determined by these two countries. The most important economic partner and ideological ally is China. But both sides have some serious problems to resolve such as maritime disputes. The situation imposes the need to seek counterbalance, a reliable ally who provides protection for its own interests. So Vietnam looks to balance improved relations with China while seeking deeper and multidimensional relations with the USA. The United States offers many advantages that are attractive to Vietnam. Inevitably, economic ties and new projects e.g. TPP, political, cultural and scientific cooperation make up these advantages. However, the United States can only provide support for the Spratly and Paracel Islands’ dispute and improving cooperative measures in the South China Sea with the presence of U.S. naval vessels and dialogue that assists Vietnam defense. Vietnam has again become an element in the American strategy of pivoting to Asia.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 51-64</text>
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                <text>multipolarisation of partners</text>
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                <text>The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4033</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.22.03</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 39-50</text>
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                <text>Hard and soft power</text>
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                <text>American and Chinese interests seem to be at one time in agreement and at another at loggerheads over issues that involve armed services, diplomacy, economics, human rights, intelligence, trade and culture. Part of what may appear to be a growing déracinement, or mutual disenchantment, arising from diverse viewpoints over infrastructure development globally but especially in sensitive developing areas such as the stand-off in the South China Sea and elsewhere along the Pacific coastline of Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific Rim. China seems to be reconstructing its ancient feudal empire, actual or imaginary, in the territory to its South, the ASEAN bloc. This article will address some issues of compatibility and conflict that unite China but that sometimes divide it from the United States and the West, then assesses what alternative strategies should be adopted or abandoned in the interests of global and regional harmony coupled with security. It urges greater cooperation and collaboration, a development of a code of conduct for state behavior in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, together with a concerted East–West effort to maintain a stable economy for China and a sustainable trade relationship between China, Europe, and North America.</text>
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                <text>discussion about the legalisation of polygyny</text>
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                <text>The Arab Spring led to a major transformation of political systems of the region’s most countries; an increase in the significance of radical Islam in the political life; a degradation of the security environment. In addi­tion, changes in the region’s economy cannot be overlooked. The events connected with the Arab Spring gave the Russian Federation completely new challenges. The country has to yet again define the character of its relations with Muslim countries and adapt its foreign policy to the new post-revolutionary reality. The Arab Spring also represents a challenge for Russia in its internal affairs.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 127-140</text>
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                <text>The Arab Spring – Implications for the Russian Federation</text>
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                <text>Egypt is a place with a long tradition of female participation in revolutions. After years of Mubarak’s despotism, women joined the revolution once again. As a result, they had to deal with the violation of women’s rights. When Morsi was removed, women were again at the top of political topics. The new constitution was described as the most progressive for women. Sisi has been a president for short time but he is already called the presi­dent of women. However women still face problems. They defended them­selves from the Muslim Brotherhood’s rules by supporting Sisi, but did they really win by overthrowing the regime of Mubarak?</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 113-125</text>
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