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                <text>Dziekan, Marek M.</text>
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                <text>The article discusses the novel 2025. An-Nida al-Akhir [2025. The Last Call] written by a young Egyptian journalist and writer born in 1982 – Mustafa al-Husayni. The novel was published in early 2011, between the fall of Zayn al-Abidin Ibn Ali in Tunisia and of Husni Mubarak in Egypt. It describes a revolution against the regime of Jamal al-Mubarak, son of Husni, spurred by a group of young Egyptians. The story takes place in 2025 and antici­pates the development of the political situation in Egypt and the Middle East between 2011 and 2025 in a utopian/dystopian manner. Alongside Utopia by Ahmad Khalid Tawfik and the poetry of Usama al-Abnubi and Abd ar-Rahman al-Abnudi, al-Husayni’s book is considered to be a forecast of the Arab Spring in Egypt.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3830</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3830/3358</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 99-111</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 21 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 99-111</text>
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                <text>Mustafa al-Husayni</text>
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                <text>Egypt: Revolution 2011/2025. Dystopia, Utopia, and Political Fiction in Mustafa Al-Husayni’s Novel "2025 An-Nida Al-Akhir"</text>
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                <text>Gasparetto, Alberto</text>
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                <text>After the outbreak of the Arab Spring and, above all, the intensification of the Syrian crisis with Ankara starting to engage in a political confrontation with Assad’s Syria, Tehran tried to exploit its historic strategic alliance with Damascus in a search for projecting its influence abroad. As Turkey has been facing more and more hardships and experiencing political isolation, Iran seemed to be more comfortable with its external environment, ben­efiting from a convergence of interests with Russia. However, the advent of ISIS created further disarray in the region, presenting opportunities for countries to cooperate especially for Erdogan’s new Turkey which was still focused on fighting Kurds.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3829</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 83-98</text>
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                <text>Iran</text>
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                <text>Iranian–Turkish Relations in a Changing Middle East</text>
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                <text>After Arab Spring many hopes were dashed. However historical change must be happening now in the area of social awareness. The rise of ex­tremism limits awareness and also endangers the Arab identity. The Arab revolution has to be more than the overthrowing of dictators. Bennabi created the concept of Post- Almohad Man and its “Colonsability” – a ten­dency to be colonized which allows the aggressor to be transformed into the colonizer. Is Bennabi’s theory applicable to Iraq? Should killing a Post- Almohad Man be the aim, as Bennabi postulated, and only this will allow society to develop? Although Bennabi rather had in mind liberation from auto-stereotype and reconstruction of identity, many still interpret his words literally.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3828</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 69-81</text>
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                <text>colonisability</text>
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                <text>National and Cultural Identity in Iraq in the Face of the Formation of the New Order in the Middle East. Philosophical Reflection and the Political Reality</text>
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                <text>Czulda, Robert</text>
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                <text>Although regional states don`t seek war, it cannot be ruled out that an unfavourable development in the international arena could lead to an unintended outbreak of a full-scale conflict, which would either di­rectly or indirectly involve the Arab monarchies. In response to several threats within their proximity, these states have, for years, been pursuing several initiatives aimed at increasing their deterrence potential and inter­operability in case of a crisis. The main goal of this article is to present and assess the GCC’s threat perception, followed by an analysis of the multilat­eral and unilateral responses. The main research question concerns the de­gree to which the GCC states are able to establish a joint and effective military bloc within the Persian Gulf.</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.21.04</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69194">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69195">
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              <elementText elementTextId="69196">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 47-67</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69197">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 21 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 47-67</text>
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                <text>1641-4233</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69200">
                <text>Persian Gulf</text>
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                <text>security</text>
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                <text>GCC</text>
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                <text>defence</text>
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                <text>military procurements</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Defence Dilemmas of the GCC States – Threats and Military Build-Up</text>
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                  <text>International Studies - Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal       </text>
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e-ISSN: 2300-8695</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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              <elementText elementTextId="69161">
                <text>Sławek, Jakub</text>
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                <text>This article intends to shed light on the political and security developments in Yemen that ultimately resulted in the Saudi-led military operation in this country. It discusses the political background behind the Yemeni revolu­tion of 2011, its positive outcome in the shape of the results of the National Dialogue Conference and the reasons for the collapse of the efforts to sta­bilize Yemen.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3826</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69166">
                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.21.03</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69167">
                <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69168">
                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69169">
                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3826/3354</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69170">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="69171">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69172">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 33-45</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69173">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 21 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 33-45</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69174">
                <text>2300-8695</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69176">
                <text>Yemen</text>
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                <text>Arab Spring</text>
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                <text>GCC</text>
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                <text>National Dialogue Conference</text>
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                <text>Al-Houthi</text>
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                <text>Saudi Arabian military operations</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Yemen and the New Regional Order</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
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                  <text>International Studies - Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal       </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71997">
                  <text>Lodz University Press        </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71998">
                  <text>ISSN: 1641-4233&#13;
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          <element elementId="39">
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              <elementText elementTextId="69137">
                <text>Waśko-Owsiejczuk, Ewelina</text>
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                <text>The “Freedom Agenda” of President George W. Bush for the Middle East assumed that the liberation of Iraq from the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and the start of political change would trigger the process of democratization of the entire region. Encouraged by financial and economic support, Arab countries should have been willing to implement political and educational support, which would lead to the creation of civil society and grass-roots political changes initiated by society itself. A number of mistakes made by the Bush administration in Iraq has not only caused the mission of the democratization of Iraq to be a failure, but also influenced the situation that today Iraq is closer to being a failed state than a democracy.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3825</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="69142">
                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.21.02</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69143">
                <text>eng</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69144">
                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69145">
                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3825/3428</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69146">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69147">
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="69148">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 11-32</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69149">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 21 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 11-32</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69150">
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                <text>1641-4233</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69152">
                <text>United States</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69153">
                <text>Iraq</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69154">
                <text>Terrorism</text>
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                <text>Extremism</text>
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                <text>Democracy</text>
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                <text>American Plans to Build Democracy in the Middle East After 9/11: the Case of Iraq</text>
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                  <text>International Studies - Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal       </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71997">
                  <text>Lodz University Press        </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71998">
                  <text>ISSN: 1641-4233&#13;
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    <elementSetContainer>
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          <element elementId="39">
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              <elementText elementTextId="69119">
                <text>Erdem, Engin I.</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69120">
                <text>2017-12-30</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69121">
                <text>In the post-Single European Act period, debates around European identity have intensified, particularly in the context of EU enlargement. The EU’s move to being a supranational political entity in the past two decades has caused serious concerns in some sections of the elite and people across the EU member states. While French and Dutch rejections of the constitutional treaty set an important milestone, Turkey’s quest for the EU membership has complicated to a great extent controversies on European identity. The reviewed books here contribute to efforts to understand the extent to which European identity and Turkey’s bid for the EU membership has entangled. It is more likely to witness debates around both European identity and Turkey’s candidacy for the Union for many years to come; therefore, these books will more likely remain relevant for the academic and policy circles.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69123">
                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/2760</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69124">
                <text>10.1515/ipcj-2017-0022</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69125">
                <text>eng</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="69126">
                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 20 No. 1 (2017): Northern Europe. New Political, Economic and Social Trends; 131-146</text>
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