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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Nepal India relation</text>
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                <text>Karki, Karun Kishor</text>
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                <text>Taking the historical narratives that tout Nepal-India relations as based on mutual respect of each other’s sovereignty as a point of departure, we provide a critical reflection upon the flaws of such a single uncritical discourse that not only risks the danger of creating stereotypes but also leaves it incomplete and misleading. Although many aspects of the Nepal-India relations indeed predate the origin of the modern nation-state, any historical discourse that downplays the realpolitik in these relations leaves the story untold about India being a hegemon interfering in Nepal’s internal affairs and obstructing Nepal’s social, economic and political progression. From a neocolonial lens, we provide snapshots of the ways and instances in which India has infringed upon Nepal’s sovereignty and independence.</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29085/23583</text>
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                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020); 84-102</text>
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                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>Nepal-India relations</text>
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                <text>Nepal-India Relations: Beyond Realist and Liberal Theoretical Prisms</text>
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Chand, Hari P.</text>
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                <text>&amp;nbsp;This paper mainly deals with connectivity of Nepal with neighboring countries and beyond. Nepal entered into an agreement with India for a Raxaul – Kathmandu railway line survey last year. After rail connectivity is established with India, Nepal is expected to benefit through transport costs compared to existing road connectivity. Nepal also signed an MoU with India for the development of inland water ways during the last visit by Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli to India. This is expected to provide Nepal with greater opportunities of better connection with Indian ports to promote trade with her southern neighbor and beyond. Moreover, Nepal and Chinese governments have agreed to work together to construct a rail link between Kerung and Kathmandu. This should allow Indian and Chinese railways to link in Kathmandu although that may yet take some time. Similarly, if Nepal deals tactfully with India and Bangladesh to make the Kathmandu-Kakarvitta-Phulbari-Banglabandha corridor function smoothly, there is a high possibility of establishing China-Nepal-India-Bangladesh (CNIB) Economic Corridor in the future. This paper attempts to explain the critical geo-political issues and challenges in connectivity facing Nepal. This paper is based on secondary data and both the qualitative and quantitative methods have been adopted for analysis. The key point of arguments presented by the paper is that all South Asian countries need to come up with “Connectivity Diplomacy”, preferably on the Track 1.5 level.</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29084</text>
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                <text>10.3126/joia.v3i1.29084</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29084/23582</text>
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                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020); 68-83</text>
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                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>Nepal-India Connectivity</text>
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                <text>BIN Plus One</text>
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                <text>Regional Connectivity</text>
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                <text>Critical Issues Related to Connectivity in South Asia</text>
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Nepal foreign relation</text>
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                <text>Bhattarai, Gaurav</text>
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                <text>Cirikiyasawa, Vasiti N.B.</text>
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                <text>&amp;nbsp;Available literature on the role of small states in international relations has focused on the international system’s impact on the maneuverability of small states. The influence of domestic politics in determining the foreign policy goals of small states seems to have lacked enough deliberations. Identifying this research gap, this article aims to analyze the foreign policy behavior of small states, including Fiji and Nepal. More precisely, this write-up argues that the small states' behavior cannot be adequately comprehended if it is only assessed from the system level of analysis, as their behavior is not only influenced by external factors or the international system. This research sheds light on how domestic factors play an important role in shaping the foreign policy of small states. In this regard, the prime objective of the paper is to examine how the domestic events of 2006 in Fiji and Nepal influenced their post-2006 foreign policy agendas. The 2006 Military Coup in Fiji and the Second People’s Movement of 2006 in Nepal are examined here to appraise how foreign policy was devised and formulated to address the issues that arose out of these events, thus allowing the two countries to remain functional in the international society of states.</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29082</text>
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                <text>10.3126/joia.v3i1.29082</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29082/23581</text>
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                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020); 52-67</text>
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                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>Small States</text>
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                <text>Small State Constraint: International System or Domestic Politics? A Case of Nepal and Fiji</text>
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                <text>&amp;nbsp;The devastating effects of the Second World War significantly affected states, their resources and the overall balance of peace. As a result, states began to search for a new model that would not only promote and expand trade but would also contribute to world peace. Since the 1980s there has been an increase in regional cooperative projects all over the world. The concept of regional cooperation revolves around the idea that states in a shared geographical space cooperate with each other in order to achieve goals that go beyond the capacity of individual national attainment. Regional cooperation eventually found its place in South Asia. As a result, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established in 1985 and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) agreement came into force in 2006. Despite these mechanisms, regional cooperation remained relatively low. Both economic and non-economic factors are responsible for this situation. Factors that range from tariff and non-tariff barriers to physical connectivity to asymmetric power relations and security concerns have served as obstacles to achieve regional cooperation in South Asia. In order to overcome these barriers, South Asian states must maintain flexibility in dealing with highly political issues in order to make way for regional growth and economic development.</text>
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                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020); 42-51</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="64003">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>South Asia</text>
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                <text>Regional Cooperation</text>
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                <text>Challenges to Regional Cooperation in South Asia: An Overview</text>
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Dhungel, Dwarika</text>
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                <text>Khanal, Narendra</text>
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                <text>Following the publication of new political maps by India on 2nd and 8th November 2019, the issues related to the source of Mahakali River and Indian occupation of the Nepali territory east of the river, have, once again, come to the surface. And, the Nepali civil society has come out strongly against the newly published political maps of India, prepared a new map of Nepal, showing the whole of the territory east of Mahakali River (about 400 sq. km) as Nepalese land on the basis of Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816 by East India Company of Great Britain and Raja of Nepal. An analysis of the maps, so far available, shows that changes have been made in the names of the river and places, and there is cartographic aggression and manipulation by India in relation to Mahakali River and its boundary with Nepal’s northwest. It has also been found that Nepal has published a map in the past showing its international boundary without any basis of the treaties and other historical documents. Analysis clearly shows that the river originating from Limpiyadhura is the Mahakali (called Kalee/Kali River) as per Article 5 of the Sugauli treaty and it forms the international boundary between the two countries.
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/29077</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 MIRD, TU</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63981">
                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2020); 1-41</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63982">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Anglo-Nepal War</text>
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                <text>Sugauli Treaty</text>
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                <text>Cartographic Aggression</text>
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                <text>Nepal-India Territorial Disputes</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>North-Western Boundary of Nepal</text>
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Bhattarai, Umesh K.</text>
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                <text>International security and its relevancy to nation’s stability are heavily influenced by the geo-political situation of a country. By geo-politics, it is a relationship among politics, geography, demography, and economics-especially in respect to foreign policy adopted by a nation within the region. It dictates the overall governmental policies. In other words, the power relationship is dictated by the geographic location of the country. Geo-politics is the study of the political and strategic relevance of geography in a pursuit to national and international power (Khanal, 2011). So, the location and the physical environment are important factors to decide international power structure of a nation in the global as well as in regional context. Geo-strategy is a branch of geo-politics that deals with strategy. It characterizes a certain geographic area that affects the analysis of a region (Dahal, 2009). In order to understand the importance of geo-strategy of Nepal, we need to understand geographical context of the Indian subcontinent as a whole. It is a self-contained region that includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan. We may call the subcontinent “self-contained” because it is a region that is isolated on all sides by difficult terrain or by ocean. In geopolitical terms it is– an island (Friedman, 2008).</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22641</text>
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                <text>10.3126/joia.v1i1.22641</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63957">
                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22641/19255</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="63958">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 MIRD, TU</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="63959">
                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016); 63-72</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63960">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>International Security</text>
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                <text>International power structures</text>
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                <text>Geopolitical Dimension of Nepal and its Impact in South Asia</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="64215">
                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Although the Chinese government has a strong preference for bilateral diplomatic negotiations to resolve disputes, its status as a party to UNCLOS and its continuing failure to reach a settlement with the Philippines has exposed it to the risk of litigation. Additionally, if the arbitration goes forward, China may be at a disadvantage because several Chinese assertions about their South China Sea rights are not well supported in international law. China’s leaders may also have concerns about avoid nationalists who are sensitive to any perception that the government lost control of a high profile issue to a small Southeast Asian state and a Japanese judge. Nonetheless, now that the Chinese have rejected the process, the panel will proceed without them, providing a small “victory” for Manila and potentially swinging international public opinion toward the Philippines. China being an established regional power and aspiring global power would better show her generosity to take the countries in neighborhood in confidence. For this, resolving South China Sea issue by win-win strategy will be of great benefit for regional stability and security in South East Asian region.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 MIRD, TU</text>
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                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016); 45-62</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63940">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>The South China Sea Issue: Its Implications on South East Asian Security</text>
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                <text>Dominance of research on Nepalis migration to India is considers as ‘for livelihood’, ‘passage of rites’, ‘taken for granted’, more importantly ’tradition’ or ‘Kamaune’ for majority of Nepalis. Nepal is an oldest nation-state of South Asia and its democracy had been, for a number of times, suspended or dismissed which forced Nepali leaders to exile in India. It still continues in different ways. Nepal’s political development is directly or indirectly influenced by political activism in India. India has been important ‘space’ for Nepal’s political change and it also has been a place for migrant’s political activism since a long time.
Out of several Nepali migrants’ organizations in India, some are active in transnational political mobilizations. This study will look into the concept, evolution and contemporary discourse of the political transnationalism. It examines in the framework of transnationalism; development process of major political parties in Nepal, and situation of Nepali migrant’s political activisms in India and their associations with homeland politics.</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22639/19253</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="63918">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 MIRD, TU</text>
              </elementText>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63919">
                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016); 31-44</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63920">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>Nepali migrants</text>
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                <text>Political activism</text>
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                <text>Kamaune</text>
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                <text>Nepali Migrants Political Activisms in India and their Engagement with Homeland</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="63757">
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>South-Asia</text>
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                <text>Pandey, Chandra</text>
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                <text>The proposition that climate change will engender anxieties for international security has become profound in public discourse over two decades. This paper discusses the concerns of environmental security in South Asia. It examines different meanings of environmental security to explain how it is associated with national security of the states in the region. Three major factors of environmental security problems are considered. Firstly, how environmental change can affect human security. Secondly, how environmental change can turn into violent conflict and thirdly, how the combined impact of these two variables affect the developmental concerns and national security of the individual state in South Asia.</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22638</text>
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                <text>10.3126/joia.v1i1.22638</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63898">
                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22638/19252</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="63899">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 MIRD, TU</text>
              </elementText>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="63900">
                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016); 17-30</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63901">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Climate change</text>
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                <text>Environmental Security</text>
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                <text>Environmental Security in South-Asia</text>
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                  <text>Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.</text>
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                <text>Nepal; India</text>
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                <text>Ranjan, Amit</text>
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                <text>India and Nepal share about 1800 square kilometres of porous border, inhabit the majority of their members from the same religious group and have symbiotic interdependent on each other; yet they are engaged into disputes over many issues. It is always alleged by Nepal that India does not consider it as a sovereign country rather as one of its own administrative unit. The basis of this allegation is behaviour of Indian establishment and its epistemic community towards Nepal. The political tensions between the two countries have kept on surfacing at intermittent period and have influenced the water sharing arrangements between the two countries. Nepal alleges that as a powerful country, India exploits Nepal’s natural resources for its own benefit. As a result many of the transboundary river water treaties have not been activated, some have been sternly opposed by the people from the catchment areas, and a few’s future is hanging in the air. To overcome these problems and its dependency on India, many times Nepal has invited other countries to develop its hydropower sector. Amidst all existing differences the two countries share inextricable relationship because of geographical location and shared primordial identity.</text>
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                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22637</text>
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                <text>Masters in International Relations and Diplomacy - Tribhuvan University (MIRD-TU)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63879">
                <text>https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/joia/article/view/22637/19251</text>
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          </element>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63880">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 MIRD, TU</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63881">
                <text>Journal of International Affairs; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016); 1-16</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="63882">
                <text>2631-2158</text>
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                <text>Water disputes</text>
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                <text>Contours of India - Nepal Relationship and Trans-Boundary Rivers Water Disputes</text>
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