37 10 487 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Santini, Ruth Hanau Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-01 Description An account of the resource This paper looks at the qualitative change in the foreign policy discourse by the European Union towards the Middle East, as well as the EU’s overall degree of consistency between words and deeds. By looking at European Council Conclusions as well as General Affairs Council conclusions, it will be argued that on a discursive level the Union has taken stock of the emergence of new threats to its security, and has started shifting its attention from state failure and regional conflicts to the threats posed by terrorism and non-conventional proliferation. Secondly, by differentiating among three kinds of coherence, it will be shown that the main source of incoherence in the Union external action in the Middle East is not to be found in its institutional or horizontal dimensions, but in its vertical level, that is between the Union and member states. Examples will be provided in order to substantiate an overall claim: the EU security discourse might have changed; its policies however remain driven by the difficult balancing exercise between Brussels and national capitals.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.184 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2436 10.22215/cjers.v3i2.2436 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:2 New Foreign Policy Challenges and Canada-EU Relations (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i2 Title A name given to the resource Addressing threats: European foreign policy toward the Middle East since the European Security Strategy Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Portela, Clara Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-01 Description An account of the resource Since the signing of the Cotonou Agreement in 2000, the European Union (EU) has suspended development aid towards a number of African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in response to breaches of Human Rights and democratic principles by activating the so-called Human Rights clause (article 96). The present article analyses the use by the EU of aid suspensions as political tools and their efficacy in achieving the desired policy goals, in an attempt to identify and explain the determinants leading to the success of these measures. The investigation finds that the use of development aid suspensions is frequently effective. Classical sanctions theory appears to account largely for their success, given that most targets display a significant degree of dependence on the EU as a donor or a trading partner. However, and without refuting the explanatory power of that approach, a closer look at this practice unveils a number of factors that contribute to facilitate success. One of them is the selective use of the tool: suspensions are applied predominantly in cases of interruptions of the democratic process, while they are rarely used in situations of violent conflict. The specificities of the consultations mechanism, and especially the attitude of ACP neighbouring countries- often openly supportive-, largely determine the final outcome.   Full textavailable at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.155 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2435 10.22215/cjers.v3i2.2435 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:2 New Foreign Policy Challenges and Canada-EU Relations (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i2 Title A name given to the resource Aid Suspensions as Coercive Tools? The European Union’s Experience in the AfricanCaribbean-Pacific (ACP) Context Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lavallée, Chantal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-01 Description An account of the resource Since 1976, Canada and the EU developed and enlarged their relations including not only investment and trade, but also international security, environment, justice, culture, etc. During the last decade, the European Union progressively became an actor in the field of security and defence with the adoption of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). ESDP is entering in the logic outside of the traditional framework analysis that conceives security as a natural input, linked to territorial defence and assumed only by the State via military means. If ESDP entered in an intergovernmental logic, it is no longer the exclusive field of the Member States, but rather the result of interactions between a broad variety of public and private actors. In this new EU security governance, Canada is bound to face a major challenge, but it’s not sure that it is conscious of all the possibilities for its foreign and security policy!   Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.156 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2433 10.22215/cjers.v3i2.2433 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:2 New Foreign Policy Challenges and Canada-EU Relations (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i2 Title A name given to the resource La gouvernance de la sécurité au sein de l’UE : un nouveau défi pour le Canada Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mérand, Frédéric Vandemoortele, Antoine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-08-01 Description An account of the resource not available Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.183 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2431 10.22215/cjers.v3i2.2431 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:2 New Foreign Policy Challenges and Canada-EU Relations (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i2 Title A name given to the resource Introduction Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Uudelepp, Agu Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-04-01 Description An account of the resource The author argues in the present article that although propaganda is considered mostly a tool of ideological communication suitable for use during wars or in totalitarian states, it is still used in contemporary democratic societies at peacetime and there are no major differences between employing instruments of propaganda in the public or the private sectors. The present analysis is based on the similarities and differences between Estonian political television advertisements and modern television commercials with an emphasis on the application of propaganda instruments. The author employed content analysis when studying the sample in which were 100 non-political and 84 political advertisements. This research shows that Estonian political television advertisements and international non-political television advertisements share some significant similarities: cognitive propaganda instruments are more widely employed than social ortechnological ones. The role oftechnological propaganda instruments is diminishing and such instruments are replaced by structural ones. A major difference is that, on average, there are more propaganda instruments per advertisement in political television advertisements than in non-political television advertisements, and technological propaganda instruments are not employed in non-political television advertisements. Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i1.182 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2430 10.22215/cjers.v3i1.2430 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:1 Spring 2007 (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i1 Title A name given to the resource Propaganda Instruments in Contemporary Campaigns: Comparison of Estonian Political Television Advertisements and Modern Television Commercials Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalev, Leif Ruutsoo, Rein Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-04-01 Description An account of the resource  This article focuses on practices of citizenship in Estonia by persons with multiple citizenship or multicultural background. In the previous stages of research on this topic primary attention was paid to national citizenship, multiple citizenship and European Union citizenship as institutions, as well as the role of citizenship in the construction of European space. Expected "configurations" of multiple citizenship as articulated in Marshallian (1992) terms, as well as linkages between different spaces of membership (national and not-national) of citizenship as perceived by the national decision makers, mapped both avenues and bottleneck s for the future. Our research raises questions and problems related to citizenship as both an essential tool of nation building and of EU integration (cf. Ruutsoo and Kal ev 2006, Ruutsoo and Kalev forthcoming).   Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i1.181 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2429 10.22215/cjers.v3i1.2429 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2007: RERA V3:1 Spring 2007 (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v3i1 Title A name given to the resource Marginal Stories? The Perspectives on Citizenship of Multiple Citizens and Multicultural Persons of Estonia Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Young, Jason R. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-12-01 Description An account of the resource Europe is confronted by a painful paradox; while the idea of ‘Europe’ conceptualizes the European Union as a champion of liberal democracy, human rights and equality, the position of the Roma clashes with this vision. This paper looks at human rights and exclusion in Europe with specific emphasis on the Roma ethnic minority and argues that prevalent anti-Roma discrimination in both Western and Central- Eastern Europe holds larger ramifications than merely the Roma’s constant position of alien, or “despised outsider”. The power of discrimination, popular culture and opinion in marginalizing the Roma effectively limits their equal exercise of civil, political, and human rights. The Roma therefore represent tangible limits to the ideas intertwined with European integration. It is argued that the unwillingness to address the issue of Roma exclusion on the local level within specific countries possesses the effect of creating a two-tier citizenship regime that possess the capacity for unraveling the social and intellectual aims of the European Project. Social, legal, and actual exclusion of the Roma therefore holds significant ramifications for social policy within an enlarging EU. The paper presents popular depictions of the Roma and illustrates the pervasive power of exclusion by examining events such as the 1993 Czech citizenship law; the 1999 construction (and subsequent debate over the dismantling) of a wall around Roma apartments in the Czech town of Ústi nad Labem, widespread use of physical violence and intimidation to discourage Roma settlement and racism in Central and Eastern Europe. These events suggest that the pan-European “identity” is far from constructed and that systematic and fundamental change in attitudes towards among elites and society at large and representations of the Roma is essential if the EU’s enlargement is to expand the protection of Human Rights on an equal footing throughout Europe for the Roma. Combating historical representations constructed by social and political elites of the groups such as the Roma as an other is of paramount importance if the Roma, and other ethnic minorities, are to be included as equal stakeholders in an enlarged Europe. Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i4.180 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2427 10.22215/cjers.v2i4.2427 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:4 European Identities and Minorities (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v2i4 Title A name given to the resource Roma in Europe: Human Rights or Humans Out of Sight? Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Raney, Tracey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-12-01 Description An account of the resource This paper is about the ways that citizens perceive their place in the political world around them, through their political identities. Using a combination of comparative and quantitative methodologies, the study traces the pattern of citizens’ political identifications in the European Union and Canada between 1981 and 2003 and explains the mechanisms that shape these political identifications. The results of the paper show that in the EU and Canada identity formation is a process that involves the participation of both individuals and political institutions yet between the two, individuals play a greater role in identity construction than do political institutions. The paper argues that the main agents of political identification in the EU and Canada are citizens themselves: individuals choose their own political identifications, rather than acquiring identities that are pre-determined by historical or cultural precedence. The paper makes the case that this phenomenon is characteristic of a rise of ‘civic’ identities in the EU and Canada. In the European Union, this overarching ‘civic’ identity is in its infancy compared to Canada, yet, both reveal a new form of political identification when compared to the historical and enduring forms of cultural identities firmly entrenched in Europe. The rise of civic identities in both the EU and Canada is attributed to the active role that citizens play in their own identity constructions as they base their identifications on rational assessments of how well political institutions function, and whether their memberships in the community will benefit them, rather than on emotional factors rooted in religion or race. In the absence of strongly held emotional identifications, in the EU and Canada political institutions play a passive role in identity construction by making the community appear more entitative to its citizens. These findings offer new theoretical scope to the concept of civic communities and the political identities that underpin them. The most important finding presented in the paper is that although civic communities and identities are manufactured by institutions and political elites (politicians and bureaucrats), they require thinking citizens, not feeling ones, to be sustained.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i4.179 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2426 10.22215/cjers.v2i4.2426 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:4 European Identities and Minorities (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v2i4 Title A name given to the resource An Ever Further Apart Union? National and European Attachments in the European Union Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tesler-Mabe, Hernan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-12-01 Description An account of the resource As recently as one year ago, the European Union was seemingly on a direct path toward its avowed goal of "ever closer union." In numerous publications, EU authorities asserted that they had the confidence of European peoples desirous only of further integration. In the wake of the failed referenda for a European Constitution, however, enthusiasts of European Union can no longer be certain that their enterprise will succeed. The European Union, once strong and united, seems now an entity teetering on the edge of collapse. The reasons for such a dramatic shift are, of course, wide-ranging. Yet I would suggest that a great part of the general European disillusionment with European Union has come about as a result of the actions of the Europeanists themselves. Over the last decades, European officials have exhibited a frightfully high incidence of revisionism in their literature. This practice, I argue, has caused many Europeans to question the integrity of the project of European Union. For my presentation, I intend to undertake a close study of a selection of documents published by the European Communities. In this endeavour, I will compare and contrast the messages imparted in different editions of these works and consider the semiotic significance of the textual and non-textual language appearing therein. In this manner, I hope to achieve two aims. First, I mean to add a corrective element to a literature that, guided by a teleological interpretation of integration, endows integration with”logic" to be found only in hindsight. Second, I intend to examine the many meanings that the EU has had over its history and assess how closely policy has adhered to the ideological goals of prominent Europeanists. In sum, I hope to shed light on the fundamental disconnect between advocates of Europe and the "man on the street" and help establish a dialogue which may contribute to resolving the current impasse within the European Union. Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i4.178 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2425 10.22215/cjers.v2i4.2425 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:4 European Identities and Minorities (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v2i4 Title A name given to the resource The Union of Laughter and Forgetting? The European Union and the Construction of its own History Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zaslove, Andrej Ozcurumez, Saime Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-12-01 Description An account of the resource  not available Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i4.177 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2424 10.22215/cjers.v2i4.2424 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Centre for European Studies, Carleton University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:4 European Identities and Minorities (backfile abstracts) 2562-8429 10.22215/cjers.v2i4 Title A name given to the resource Introduction: Voting ‘NO”, European Integration and the Nation State: Disintegration, Impasse, or a New Beginning? Type The nature or genre of the resource info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article