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                <text>Maďarová, Zuzana</text>
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                <text>This article examines Judith Butler’s concepts of vulnerability andgrievability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and biopowerpractices introduced in the name of the protection of the people. Ananalysis of the elite political discourse in Czechia, Germany, Great Britain,and Slovakia in the first three months of the pandemic explores howvulnerability was constructed and distributed among the respectivepopulations. We identified two prevailing discursive frames – science andsecurity. Within the first, vulnerability was constructed in terms of biologicalcharacteristics, rendering elderly, disabled, and chronically ill bodies asalready lost and ungrievable. Within the security frame, Roma or migrantpopulations’ vulnerability to the virus has been discursively shifted intobeing seen as a threat, while vulnerability itself was recognized more as afeature of institutions or society. Thus, despite the claims that ‘we are all inthis together’, the pandemic has exposed how our vulnerability andinterdependency are embedded within existing social structures.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/69</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 11-30</text>
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                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>What Makes Life Grievable? Discursive Distribution of Vulnerability in the Pandemic</text>
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                <text>Representative democracy is beset by a crisis of legitimacy across the world,but in Europe this crisis is compounded by the inadequacy of nationalgovernments to address citizens’ frustrations and to achieve transnationalunity on common issues. How representative are national parliaments intheir decision-making on EU matters? This volume investigates therelationship between the democratic institutions of the member states andthose of the EU. With a focus on polity rather than policy, it looks at votingand decision-shaping mechanisms in selected member states, in particularthe ‘Europeanisation’ of representative democracy at national level. It alsoassesses the state of parliamentary democracy at the EU level. Expertanalysts share their insights into the changing nature of our political eco-systems and the (dis)connections within and between them.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 131-137</text>
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                <text>Steven Blockmans and Sophia Russack (eds.): Representative Democracy in the EU: Recovering Legitimacy.</text>
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                <text>Syrovátka, Jonáš</text>
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                <text>Meet the world's most dangerous man. Or is he? Who is the real VladimirPutin? What does he want? And what will he do next? Despite the millions ofwords written on Putin's Russia, the West still fails to truly understand oneof the world's most powerful politicians, whose influence spans the globeand whose networks of power reach into the very heart of our daily lives. Inthis essential primer, Professor Mark Galeotti uncovers the man behind themyth, addressing the key misperceptions of Putin and explaining how wecan decipher his motivations and next moves. From Putin’s early life in theKGB and his real relationship with the USA to his vision for the future ofRussia – and the world – Galeotti draws on new Russian sources andexplosive unpublished accounts to give unparalleled insight into the man atthe heart of global politics.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 125-129</text>
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                <text>Mark Galeotti: We Need to Talk about Putin: How the West Gets Him Wrong</text>
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                <text>Svoboda, Ondřej</text>
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                <text>The book reconstructs how the normative yardsticks that underpinevaluations of international organizations have changed since 1970. Basedon in-depth case studies of normative change in five internationalorganizations over a period of five decades, the authors argue that, thesedays, international organizations confront a longer and moreheterogeneous list of normative expectations than in previous periods. Twochanges are particularly noteworthy. First, international organizations needto demonstrate not only what they do for their member states, but also forthe individuals in member states. Second, while international organizationscontinue to be evaluated in terms of what they achieve, they areincreasingly also measured by how they operate. As the case studies reveal,the more pluralist patchwork of legitimacy principles today’s internationalorganizations confront has multiple origins. It includes the politicization ofexpanding international authority, but also a range of other driving forcessuch as individual leadership or normative path dependence. Despitevariation in the sources, however, the consequences of the normative shiftare similar. Notably, a longer and more heterogenous list of normativeexpectations renders the legitimation of international organizations morecomplex. Strikingly, then, at a time when many feel internationalcooperation is needed more than ever, legitimating the forms in which suchcooperation takes place has become most difficult. Internationalorganizations have come under pressure.</text>
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                <text>Are United Nations peacekeeping missions effective at reducing violence incivil wars? Although UN peacekeeping is a notable intervention tool, theinternational community lacks systematic knowledge of how well itmitigates civil war violence. Given that UN peacekeeping is increasinglyused in the midst of war, this is a significant research gap with direct policyrelevance. This book systematically explores if and how the capacity andconstitution of UN peacekeeping missions a!ect the amount of violence incivil conflicts. It argues that peacekeeping e!ectiveness needs to beassessed in relative terms, theorizing that more robust missions areincreasingly capable of addressing combatant incentives for employingviolence. The authors conduct large-n analyses of the number ofcombatants and civilians killed during each month for all civil wars globallyfrom 1992 to 2014, measuring the capacity and constitution of UN missionswith unique data on the number and type of peacekeeping personneldeployed. The analyses reveal that increasing UN military troop and policepersonnel deployed to a conflict significantly reduces violence againstcivilians, and increasing UN military troop personnel significantly mitigatesbattle-related violence. By contrast, smaller missions and missionscomposed of observers are not associated with reduced violence. The bookcomplements the large-n analyses with qualitative explorations ofpeacekeeping mechanisms on violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the DemocraticRepublic of Congo. The authors conclude that while peacekeeping is notwithout detriments, it is an effective tool of violence reduction.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 109-115</text>
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                <text>The European Union (EU) is facing one of the rockiest periods in itsexistence. At no time in its history has it looked so economically fragile, soinsecure about how to protect its borders, so divided over how to tackle thecrisis of legitimacy facing its institutions, and so under assault byEurosceptic parties. The unprecedented levels of integration in recentdecades have led to increased public contestation, yet at the same the EU ismore reliant on public support for its continued legitimacy than everbefore. This book examines the role of public opinion in the Europeanintegration process. It develops a novel theory of public opinion thatstresses the deep interconnectedness between people’s views aboutEuropean and national politics. It suggests that public opinion cannotsimply be characterized as either Eurosceptic or not, but rather that itconsists of different types. This is important because these types coincidewith fundamentally different views about the way the EU should bereformed and which policy priorities should be pursued. These types alsohave very different consequences for behaviour in elections andreferendums. Euroscepticism is such a diverse phenomenon because theEurozone crisis has exacerbated the structural imbalances within the EU. Asthe economic and political fates of member states have diverged, people’sexperiences with and evaluations of the EU and national political systemshave also grown further apart. The heterogeneity in public preferences thatthis book has uncovered makes a one-size-fits-all approach to addressingEuroscepticism unlikely to be successful.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 101-107</text>
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                <text>The research looks into the authoritarian regime survival strategies in Egyptand Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it examines howthe autocratic rulers in both countries dealt with the securitization dilemmacaused by the coronavirus outbreak. It applies securitization theory and theconcept of selective securitization to argue that although both Abdel Fattahel-Sisi’s and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s rule were at some point expected to beshaken by the pandemic, the COVID-19 securitization dilemmas had animportant role in helping to prolong the autocratic directions of theirrespective countries. Additionally, the article demonstrates that thesecuritization of the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt and Turkey follows acertain political pattern where every crisis constitutes an opportunity forexpanding the regimes’ powers at the expense of citizens’ rights.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 69-97</text>
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                <text>The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 put governments under pressure toswiftly introduce measures to protect citizens and react appropriately to theemerging threat. This paper focuses on geo-location tracking mobile phoneapplications developed in the Czech Republic and Austria to monitorpersonal movement of those positively tested for COVID-19 to prevent thefurther spread of the disease. The aim of the analysis is to answer thequestion of whether the appsʼ functionalities complied with the EU dataprotection standards and to what extent the citizensʼ right to control thecollection, evaluation and preservation of their personal data has beenviolated. Both countries belonged to the pioneers in COVID-19 apps. Whilethey differed in several areas such as the legal and political circumstancesunder which the apps were developed and public communication,similarities between them were identified in the area of public trust in theapps and their utilisation. In both countries, certain illiberal issues wererecognised as well.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 35-67</text>
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                <text>geo-location tracking apps</text>
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                <text>The corona crisis, data protection and tracking apps in the EU: the Czech and Austrian COVID-19 mobile phone apps in the battle against the virus</text>
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                <text>This article provides new insights into size variation of national delegationsto plenary meetings of international organizations. Plenaries are supremedecision-making bodies representing a symbol of national sovereignty as allmember states of the given organization can participate in the negotiationsand collective decision-making. However, this article argues that the right toparticipate in plenaries is utilized differently by different countries, whichmay have political and normative implications for internationalorganizations and global governance as such. Drawing upon an actor-centred institutionalist approach and a newly created dataset coveringseventeen plenary meetings, I suggest there is considerable variation in thedelegation size caused by country-based factors. Namely, financialcapacities, ideational capacities and national interests motivate states todelegate more representatives. In contrast, regional partnerships enablecountries to rely on their partners and delegate fewer representatives.Finally, administrative capacities, the nature of the domestic politicalregime, and the institutional design of international organizations have noor only an inconclusive effect in this regard.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 7-33</text>
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                <text>national delegations</text>
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                <text>How Many and Why? Size Variation of National Delegations to Plenary Meetings of International Organizations</text>
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                <text>Parizek, Michal</text>
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                <text>This article presents a theoretical and descriptive account of the worldwide media visibility of NATO, the European Union, and the United Nations in connection to the Russia-Ukraine war. I formulate a theoretical framework that highlights the authority of the three international organizations (IOs) and their actions as the drivers of their media visibility. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset that maps, using natural language processing tools, the content of more than 2.9 million news articles published in January-September 2022 across virtually all states of the world and 60 languages. The empirical results show that NATO’s initial media visibility was high but has decreased significantly over time, the EU has maintained a persistently strong media visibility throughout the period, and the visibility of the UN has been characterized by dynamic developments. These findings have important implications for the public image and the role of the three IOs in the war.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/60</text>
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                <text>Institute of International Relations Prague</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72889">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Czech Journal of International Relations</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="72891">
                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 58 No. 1 (2023); 15-44</text>
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                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>10.32422/mv-cjir.58.1</text>
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                <text>Worldwide Media Visibility of NATO, the European Union, and the United Nations in Connection to the Russia-Ukraine War</text>
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