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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>LaRose, Chalmers</text>
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                <text>Over the last two decades, stabilisation missions have become a growing trend in the strategic practices of the United Nations. Such an incremental growth coincides with the hegemonic status achieved by a particular vision of peace, the liberal democratic peace paradigm. Yet, during the same period, the United Nations’ peace operation in Haiti, both the longest running and the only such stabilisation mission in operation in the Americas, resulted in a stalemate. What are the factors that explain this paradox? Are United Nations stabilisation missions an effective engine for peace and stability in today’s international politics? </text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>The Last Frontier of Liberal Stabilisation: Haiti under MINUSTAH’s Stewardship</text>
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                <text>Osei, Philip Duku</text>
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                <text>In this paper, we examine Kofi Annan’s two most consequential roles in the course of his long career at the United Nations: his role in the Rwanda genocide in 1994 as the head of UN peacekeeping and his tenure as Secretary-General. A realist analysis of the Rwanda genocide which continues to be the referent point for critics of both Annan and the UN is presented. We find that, more than any personal or institutional failings, it was the retreat into a post-Cold War posture of realist non-interventionism of global powers based purely on realist considerations of national interest that mostly accounted for the inevitability and irreversibility of the Rwanda genocide. The paper also explores Annan’s bold idealist global initiatives during his time as Secretary-General and his contributions to human rights, human security, justice, conflict resolution and commitment to sustainable development in Africa, the continent of his birth.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2020)</text>
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                <text>Kofi Annan: An Idealist in a Realist Era</text>
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                <text>Kofi Annan, the seventh UN Secretary-General (UNSG), and the only UNSG to have come from the ranks of the Secretariat, has been described in many ways over the years by observers, supporters and critics. Nevertheless, in this article, the Ghanaian is compared to a funambulist. In carefully examining his entire life span, one realises the extent to which this daring, yet humble, man exhibited, metaphorically speaking, the essential qualities of a tightrope walker. From his early days in Cape Coast to his journey across continents to MIT, Annan underwent arduous preparation for what was to become a risky, sometimes painful, sometimes exhilarating, journey to the pinnacle of the UN multilateral system. In the process, he kept his focus and vision, using unique guiding principles, on the end-goal of “putting people first”. This required a balancing act of making adjustments during turbulent times and moments of disequilibrium, and in the end championing the security of people over the pressure to adhere to outmoded principles of state sovereignty.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/7961</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2020)</text>
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                <text>Kofi Annan, the Funambulist</text>
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                <text>Biersteker, Thomas</text>
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                <text>Throughout his ten-year term as United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan pursued reform of the organisation in an effort to strengthen its legitimacy, effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness. This article begins with a definition of UN reform and identifies four different types: Security Council reform, reform of administrative practices, incremental procedural reforms, and creation of new institutions to address contemporary challenges. It next examines Kofi Annan’s initiation of reforms over the course of his term in office, from the time of his selection in 1996 to the end of his term in 2006. In addition to his engagement with all four forms, he also pursued improvement of the organisation in each of the three pillars of the UN Charter: security, development, and human rights, arguing that they were fundamentally interrelated. Kofi Annan believed that reform was a process, and he pursued it not only throughout his term in office but also afterwards through his foundation and other activities. His legacy of reform has been continued by his successors in the Office of Secretary-General.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 5 No. 2 (2020)</text>
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                <text>Kofi Annan’s Legacy of UN Reform</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>This article examines how narcotics came to be at the centre of US Foreign Policy in Latin America as of the latter half of the 20th Century. The central role of narcotics, referred to as narcotisation, is evident in the case study of US-Colombia relations. It is argued that through the securitization of narcotics, the US adopted a national security stance and sought to impose its supply side policies through coercive diplomacy and militaristic means. The article critically examines this realist approach coupled with the market-based logic of supply and demand, and highlights fundamental flaws which caused more debilitating effects than positive results in drug supply reduction. Despite the mobilization of considerable resources, the policies are largely ineffective, and US-Colombia relations continue to be narcotized.</text>
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                <text>International Drug Interdiction: The Narcotisation of United States - Colombia Relations</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Jules, Tavis D.</text>
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                <text>This article sets out to theoretically explain the Caribbean Community's (CARICOM) integrative stalemate. It argues that this needs to be studied in light of a changing regional, geographic, and geostrategic climate. A shift is occurring from 'endogenous regionalism,' which concentrates on the Caribbean's historical past, to 'exogenous regionalism,' which focuses on creating a borderless Caribbean space and promotes Caribbeanization through the Caribbean Single Market (CSM), which came into force in 2006, and the stalemated Caribbean Single Economy (CSE). I argue that new trans-hemispheric relations are emerging and Caribbean regionalism is now both multi-centric -arising from actions in numerous places rather than a single center- and also multi-temporal. In this context, mature regionalism presages effective governance by focusing on deepening regional structures and institutional arrangements. I argue that trans-regionalism is a multidimensional process that moves away from the spill-over effects of trade policy harmonization and streamlines different political, security, economic, and cultural regimes. I conclude by suggesting that 'meta-steering' in the form of 'strategic coordination' or 'first order response' is but one way to perceive the paused regional project.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)</text>
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                <text>A Stitch in Time Saves Caribbeanization: Meta- Steering and Strategic Coordination in an Era of Caribbean Trans- Regionalism</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Badella, Alessandro</text>
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                <text>The promotion of democracy in Cuba has been, especially after the Cold War, a distinguishing feature of US foreign policy towards Havana. This article analyzes the evolution in US democracy promotion in Cuba, especially after the latest openings to Cuba (December 2014). Regarding the promotion of democracy on the island, the so-called 'abandonment of democracy' in US foreign policy never took place, and this implies a renovated effort to foster regime change - or at least a regime evolution - in Cuba. Obama resisted the virulent and invasive rhetoric of the 'Bush doctrine', and introduced some changes in US-Cuba state-to-state relations, while giving a strong relevance to the 'people-to-people's diplomacy' and 'public diplomacy', still perceived as tools to foster a political change on the island.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)</text>
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                <text>Obama and US Democracy Promotion in Cuba: New Strategies, Old Goals?</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Williams, Yentyl</text>
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                <text>This article demonstrates that in the case of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), the EU, as the more powerful actor, shifts between hegemony and dominance in its relations with the CARIFORUM (CF) states in particular, and the African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states in general. It also sheds light on the slow process of endogenous Caribbean regional integration, which, despite any best endeavours from the EU, is actually complicated by the EU's emphasis on the EPA as a tool for integration. It shows that despite the conclusion and subsequent definition of the EPA as the case par excellence of the success of the broader EPA policy, it is not a Pareto-optimal agreement. Reference is made to the cases of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the Protocol on Culture and the recent decision by EU policy-makers to extend the Octroi de Mer until 2020, the same date as the Cotonou agreement binding EU-ACP relations is due to expire.Keywords: European Union; CARIFORUM; Cotonou; Trade; EPAs</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015)</text>
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                <text>The EU as a Foreign Policy Actor: Shifting Between Hegemony and Dominance</text>
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                <text>This paper argues that the practice and discipline of international relations (IR) shrouds the many ways through which colonial power is institutionalized within the structure of the modern nation-state and the system of states in which nation-states are embedded. By over-valuing modernist assumptions in research and practice, IR ignores the colonial constitution of modernity. This is more than an intellectual blind spot. It has led to universalizing Eurocentric assumptions about 'natural' human development culminating in the acquisition of a nation-state, which has effectively depoliticized the colonial project of state-making in the context of formerly colonized territories. I argue for re-politicizing postcolonial territory by discussing a decolonial approach calling for 'pluriversal' (rather than universal) thinking that chooses to address the continuities of colonialism within the structure of the state and work towards collective decolonization.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/510/432</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Postcolonial Territory and the Coloniality of the State</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>This article reviews CARICOM's track record from the perspective of developmental regionalism, exploring the extent of its contributions to human development, visibility and influence for these very small actors in the global community. We highlight CARICOM's provision of regional public goods and role in constructing social and political norms while conceding the many shortcomings in economic integration and in building strong regional institutions. The article is critical of CARICOM's historically slow embrace of integration initiatives in the wider hemisphere. It discusses CARICOM's recent challenges, responses and opportunities in engaging with Latin America.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Developmental Regionalism in Crisis? Rethinking CARICOM, Deepening Relations with Latin America</text>
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