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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Ali, Catherine</text>
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                <text>Restorative justice can and should, but does not always, produce conflict transformation. This article presents qualitative research on an experimental restorative justice project which demonstrates transformations in the lives of gang youths charged with very serious offences, and transformations in the practices of the criminal justice system. The paper situates the gendered cultural context, outlines a critical transformation framework and methodology, and summarises the transformations of the Bail Boys project at the San Fernando Supreme Court, in Trinidad, between 2009 and 2012. Research application in development, criminal justice, youth justice, masculinities and gang crime are outlined.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 1 No. 4 (2013)</text>
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                <text>The Bail Boys Court: Conflict Transformation and Restorative Justice in Trinidad</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Anatol, Marlon</text>
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                <text>This paper uses the model of the new growth theory to evaluate whether or not Trinidad and Tobago can develop a sustainable path of development in the non-oil sectors that would lead to increased trade with the rest of the world. It is proposed that Trinidad and Tobago's manufacturing sectors may be able to flourish in the global economy if it is able to make use of the technology presently available globally, as well as create and sustain some degree of knowledge creation. A review of the literature shows that developing countries like Trinidad and Tobago can exist and participate in the global economic arena, if they adopt the philosophies and practices that have been advanced by the new growth theories, specifically the endogenous growth theory. This paper postulates that economic growth can be attained if there is sufficient levels of research and development (R&amp;amp;D) applied to the productive process, and this needs to be expressed not only at the level of the firm, but throughout the economy as a whole.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/338</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013)</text>
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                <text>Globalization and the Implications for Trade- Readiness of Small Developing Countries: The Case of Trinidad and Tobago</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Badella, Alessandro</text>
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                <text>For almost three decades, democracy promotion has been the cornerstone of US policy towards Cuba and it has shaped bilateral relations around the democratic conditionality codified in the embargo against the island. Obama entered the White House as the 'open minded candidate' who could realize the promise embedded within Jimmy Carter's 2002 speech in Havana, but, for different reasons, the new President opted for a more 'Clintonian' approach characterized by only a partial relaxation of sanctions and people-to-people diplomacy as a tool for obtaining more political concessions from Raul Castro.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Between Carter and Clinton: Obama's Policy Towards Cuba</text>
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                <text>The promotion of democracy in Cuba has been, especially after the Cold War, a distinguishing feature of US foreign policy towards Havana. This article analyzes the evolution in US democracy promotion in Cuba, especially after the latest openings to Cuba (December 2014). Regarding the promotion of democracy on the island, the so-called 'abandonment of democracy' in US foreign policy never took place, and this implies a renovated effort to foster regime change - or at least a regime evolution - in Cuba. Obama resisted the virulent and invasive rhetoric of the 'Bush doctrine', and introduced some changes in US-Cuba state-to-state relations, while giving a strong relevance to the 'people-to-people's diplomacy' and 'public diplomacy', still perceived as tools to foster a political change on the island.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/764/684</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)</text>
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                <text>Obama and US Democracy Promotion in Cuba: New Strategies, Old Goals?</text>
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                <text>Throughout his ten-year term as United Nations Secretary-General, Kofi Annan pursued reform of the organisation in an effort to strengthen its legitimacy, effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness. This article begins with a definition of UN reform and identifies four different types: Security Council reform, reform of administrative practices, incremental procedural reforms, and creation of new institutions to address contemporary challenges. It next examines Kofi Annan’s initiation of reforms over the course of his term in office, from the time of his selection in 1996 to the end of his term in 2006. In addition to his engagement with all four forms, he also pursued improvement of the organisation in each of the three pillars of the UN Charter: security, development, and human rights, arguing that they were fundamentally interrelated. Kofi Annan believed that reform was a process, and he pursued it not only throughout his term in office but also afterwards through his foundation and other activities. His legacy of reform has been continued by his successors in the Office of Secretary-General.</text>
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                <text>This article reviews CARICOM's track record from the perspective of developmental regionalism, exploring the extent of its contributions to human development, visibility and influence for these very small actors in the global community. We highlight CARICOM's provision of regional public goods and role in constructing social and political norms while conceding the many shortcomings in economic integration and in building strong regional institutions. The article is critical of CARICOM's historically slow embrace of integration initiatives in the wider hemisphere. It discusses CARICOM's recent challenges, responses and opportunities in engaging with Latin America.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Developmental Regionalism in Crisis? Rethinking CARICOM, Deepening Relations with Latin America</text>
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                <text>Economic relations between CARICOM and Canada have a long history and the political relationship has always been positive. However, much of Canada's foreign relations with CARICOM is focused on development aid. While Canadian companies do significant business in CARICOM, for decades there has been little real growth or diversification in the region's exports to Canada. There is clear need to find ways of fitting Caribbean firms into new global value chains in which Canada is engaged. The cultural and social ties between the two are quite significant and Caribbean immigrants in Canada contribute in various spheres to that society. But there are significant issues like increasing crime in CARICOM states which Canada could better address. In recent years, the bilateral relationship has become a bit stale. In order to re- invigorate theÂ  relationship it is necessary to introduce new ideas and strategic thinking on how to better harness the complementarities between CARICOM and Canada. The current negotiations towards a comprehensive trade and investment agreement provide an opportunity to address long-standing economic issues but should also seek afresh to re-kindle the "special relationship." However, Canada must not try to impose its usual template for free trade agreements on CARICOM; both sides need to be creative and innovative in terms of designing a new framework for bilateral economic, political, social and cultural relations for their mutual benefit.</text>
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                <text>Time to Re- Think and Re- Energize CARICOM- Canada Relations</text>
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                <text>In the contemporary global political context of stringent conservation policy and low carbon economies, Guyana has positioned itself between two divergent paths of development and identity: 1) its desire to entrench itself as a competitive player in the global economy, and 2) its goal to pursue a more ecologically sustainable model of development. Focusing on Guyana's controversial Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) and its Reduction of Emissions through Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) framework, this paper critically explores the increasing marketization of forest management and climate change governance and their implications for negotiating Indigenous rights and participation in national and global climate change and conservation policies and debates.</text>
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                <text>A 'Win- Win' Strategy for All? Guyana's Climate Change Strategies and Implications for Indigenous Communities</text>
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                <text>Dookeran, Winston</text>
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                <text>This article elaborates, explains and analyses the notion of Caribbean Convergence. This represents a new way of thinking about integration in the region, and a potential strategy for injecting the process with new life and energy. The article provides a twelve-point action program for Caribbean convergence, which is grounded in a distinctive series of strategies relating to finance, resource clustering, infrastructure, and production integration.</text>
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                <text>A New Frontier for Caribbean Convergence</text>
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                <text>This paper contrasts the Guyana-Venezuela maritime incident that occurred on October 10th 2013 with the Guyana-Suriname maritime incident that occurred on June 3rd 2000. It examines several issues to determine whether the actions by the Venezuelan Government to detain the seismic research vessel RV Teknik Perdana which was in disputed waters at the time of the incident can be justified under public international law. First, the different factual backgrounds between the two events are discussed. Next, the legal implication of the different Maritime zones where the two incidents occur is examined. This is followed by a discussion on the use of force in the Guyana-Venezuela incident versus the threat of force in the Guyana-Suriname incident. The Applicability of UNCLOS and its Dispute settlement mechanism to the disputes is also analysed and finally, the applicability of customary international law principles of equidistance or equitable principles to resolve the dispute are discussed. Also, the possibility of Guyana and Venezuela entering into a joint unitisation agreement is examined.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/445/392</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Legal Reflections on the Guyana- Venezuela Maritime Issue</text>
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