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                  <text>International Journal of China Studies</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>SHLAPENTOKH, Dmitry</text>
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                <text>This article reflects on the contrast between theoretical Marxism, especially its views on the state, and the actual developments in Russia and China, in which Marxist inspired revolutions created totalitarian states similar to Oriental despotism, and this became especially clear in China, where totalitarian arrangements fit well with native traditions. While Communist rule reinforced the country’s totalitarian traditions, it hardly hampered the country’s economy. Actually, the opposite happened: totalitarian China engaged in speedy progress and would most likely emerge as a global leader in the foreseeable future.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36677</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36677/14518</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Institute of China Studies</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 157-186</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Marxism</text>
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                <text>totalitarian state</text>
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                <text>Marxism and the Role of the State in the Soviet and Chinese Experience</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>KAM, Andrew Jia Yi</text>
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                <text>THAM , Siew Yean</text>
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                <text>International trade plays an important role in Malaysia’s economy and growth performance. The emergence of the coronavirus disease in 2019 (Covid-19) and declared a pandemic at the beginning of 2020 has led to an unprecedented economic crisis in Malaysia, as in most other countries. As the number of Covid cases increased after the first case was discovered in January 2020, the government implemented different degrees of Movement Control Orders (MCO) from 18th March till the current day at the point of writing this paper. The lockdown in Malaysia as well as many other countries led to supply and demand shocks, which has in turn affected the country’s cross border trade. Exports dropped continuously in the first five months of 2020 before recovering. The purpose of this article is to identify the key trade partners that contributed towards Malaysia’s export recovery in 2020, especially the role of China given the fact that it is Malaysia’s largest trading partner since 2010. Specifically, it examines how economic recovery in the major trade partners are correlated with Malaysia’s export recovery as well as the causal relationship underpinning the export recovery in 2020. The study shows that trade recovery in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic goes beyond domestic policy and production measures. Economic recovery in partner countries played a role too.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36676</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36676/14517</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Institute of China Studies</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 133-155</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56313">
                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>trade</text>
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                <text>empirical study of trade</text>
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                <text>international economic order and integration</text>
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                <text>China’s Role in Malaysia’s Export Recovery in Covid Times</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56280">
                <text>TEE, Chee-Lip</text>
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                <text>NG, Kar-Yee</text>
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                <text>LAW, Chee-Hong</text>
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                <text>2022-05-06</text>
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                <text>Malaysia has been experiencing increasing FDI inflows over the past decades with the changing of major contributors. Currently, China is the largest contributor to Malaysia’s net FDI inflows, while its contribution was limited in the past decade. This paper aims to provide additional evidence to the literature of the FDI’s impact on export performance through disaggregating the FDI and utilizing the quarterly data between Q1:2010 and Q1:2018. The empirical results based on the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approachreveal that China’s FDI helps promote Malaysian export activity except for the export of machinery, equipment and parts. The latter is, however, crucial in long-run growth through promoting technology advancement. This implies that China’s FDI inflow to Malaysia has a more significant impact on economic performance in the short run. Therefore, Malaysian policymakers need to provide better incentives to attract higher value-added FDI into the country to benefit in the long run.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36675</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36675/14516</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Institute of China Studies</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 115-131</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56292">
                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>export</text>
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                <text>foreign direct investment</text>
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                <text>Malaysia</text>
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                <text>China</text>
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                <text>How China’s FDI Affects Malaysia’s Export Performance?</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>HUO, Kaiyang</text>
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                <text>SAUTMAN, Barry Victor</text>
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                <text>This article aims to explore the depiction of China by mainstream Spanish media during the COVID-19 pandemic. 105 articles were collected from El Mundo, El País, La Vanguardia, ABC and El Periódico, and analyzed by topic: domestic information diffusion and epidemic prevention measures in China, Chinese aid in Spain, and opinions about them. The main finding is that China’s image portrayed by these newspapers changed from draconian and Machiavellian, given the country’s massive strict quarantine and censorship, to villainous, due to cover-up of epidemic information and governance failures that Spanish media condemned in retrospect, and then to opportunist, to a helper of use but not genuine, after China started to aid Spain while taking advantage of the inaction of the Occident. However, the Spaniards’ acceptance of these media-portrayed images varies: despite intense criticismsof governance failures and censorship characterized by the authoritarian system, Spaniards only consider “the virus from China” as an important threat, instead of the expansion of Chinese ideologies. The opportunist depiction was accepted by a considerable proportion of Spaniards, thinking China had gained economically from the pandemic and even improved its global reputation.Aid from ethnic Chinese in Spain, from private firms in China and from the Chinese Government were positively felt. Besides, the fact that Spanish citizens increasingly blamed their Government for incompetence might also explain why there was limited damage to China’s image.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36673</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Institute of China Studies</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 65-114</text>
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                <text>Since the coming into power of President Xi Jinping in China in 2012, an important objective of Beijing’s foreign policy has been to modify the international order to correspond with China’s rising power and to fulfill the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation and becoming a superpower. As a superpower, China is expected to bear the responsibilities of providing public goods, maintaining stability, and upholding the norms and values that are respected by other states. This paper examines the Chinese attempt to merge as a key player in international affairs and use two case studies of China’s policy towards the South China Sea and its international responses to the Covid-19 pandemic to argue that Beijing has, to some extent, fallen short of the duties of a superpower.</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 47-64</text>
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                <text>Superpower Responsibility, China, the South China Sea and the COVID-19 Pandemic</text>
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                <text>Previous studies on cyber politics in China have highlighted the antagonistic relationship between the state and society, either emphasizing on how the state controls online opinions or how the Internet politically empowers individuals.Recent studies went further to reveal the possibility of collaboration between the state and certain online groups. Following the new line of research, this paper presents a case study of the “Little Pinks” and argues that the heterogeneous cyberspace could spontaneously generate netizen groups that may well align and cooperate with the authoritarian regime. The Little Pinksis a group of influential young Chinese netizens who are nationalistic-oriented and readily defend their government online. Although Chinese authorities have attempted to guide and mobilize them, they are at most allies, but never a subsidiary of the government. They have demonstrated astonishing organizational capability in collective actions, which is derived from the vibrant fandom culture in the Chinese cyberspace.</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021; 25-46</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>cyber-politics</text>
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                <text>The Little Pinks: Self-mobilized Nationalism and State Allies in Chinese Cyberspace</text>
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                <text>Under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, China has become a proactiveparticipant in world affairs, showing a desire and an ability to contribute toglobal public goods. As a result, China’s support for the United Nations hasgrown considerably. Today, China is the second largest financial contributorto the organization’s overall budget, and the largest troop contributing countryamong the permanent members of the UN Security Council. This articleexamines China’s engagement within the UN framework and, in particular,why the UN has been chosen by Beijing as one of the key venues throughwhich to flex its diplomatic muscles and strengthen its influence abroad. Toaddress this research question, this article adopts a case study approach thatfocuses on the deployment of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) units formissions relating to counter-piracy and peacekeeping activities. Drawingon the literature on military diplomacy and the study of Chinese media, itprovides a comprehensive assessment of Beijing’s motivations in the pursuitof peace enforcement in international relations, and highlights the unique roleplayed by the PLA in achieving this ambition</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.1 June 2021</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>China’s Evolving Role in the United Nations: Analysis of the People’s Liberation Army’s Engagement in UN Security Operations</text>
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                <text>This study examines the links between bank efficiency and the profileof corporate directorships of listed banks in China. We focused on thecomposition of independent, foreign and women directors, human and socialcapital of the directors, and their diligence for board meetings. We collectedthe individual director profiles of a panel of 28 commercial banks data from2010 to 2018. GMM estimation is employed to address the endogeneityissues. In general, we found that independent and foreign directors have apositive impact on bank efficiency, as well as educational level, professionalqualification, political connection, and their board meeting attendance.These findings suggest that a certain profile of corporate directorship cansignificantly drive listed bank efficiency.</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 319-343</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>bank efficiency</text>
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                <text>Empirical Evidence for Commercial Bank Efficiency and Corporate Directorship in China</text>
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                <text>In order to repel US pressures, Tehran has perpetually aligned itself with major non-Western powers through a ‘Look to the East policy’ with focus mainly on China. Iran and China are opposed to the United States’ so-called unilateralism and are similarly categorized as revisionist states which this common attitude culminated into the signature of the 25-year cooperation agreement in March 2021. But, China prioritizes its national interests defined by economic pragmatism; and its complex economic interdependence with the world economy has made it conservative. The present article analyzes this question of why China has been conservative in shielding Iran against the US’s paralyzing sanctions in Donald Trump’s era. It argues that the Chinese global strategy and its economic pragmatism require it to make compromises with the United States and Arab states alike, and at the same time, to preserve relationships with Iranwith the least political-economic expenses.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36512</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36512/14481</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 295-318</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Analyzing the Contrast between Chinese Economic Pragmatism and Iranian “Look to East” Optimism</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>KONWER, Shubhrajeet</text>
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                <text>In the backdrop of the Covid-19 pandemic, the clash in the Galwan Valley (June 15, 2020) between the Chinese and Indian troops, that killed twenty Indian soldiers, is undoubtedly a watershed moment in India-China relations. While both the Asian giants seek to avoid war, India and China have sharpened the political rhetoric; meanwhile, troops from both sides continue to be amassed along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). The process of disengagement of troops and de-escalation of tensions have worked, albeit limitedly. Furthermore, the growing support of China to Taliban controlled Afghanistan (August 2021), will impact the course of Sino-India relations. The current stand-off betweenIndia and China marks the beginning of a new phase of relations where its repercussions will be felt in their immediate periphery and beyond. This article focuses on the strategic options for India. The transgression of China across the LAC will continue to cast its shadow over the relations between the two Asian giants. The earlier “spirit” and “connect” between the two nations stand broken and mending the same will test the institutions and leadership of both the countries.</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36510/14480</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 271-293</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Line of Actual Control</text>
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                <text>de-escalation</text>
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                <text>Skirmishes along the Sino-Indian Border – Strategic Options for India</text>
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