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                <text>Kelly, Peter</text>
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                <text>The Leuna chemical plant in Eastern Germany was initially developed during the First World War to produce artificial nitrogen for use in explosives. The world’s first production of synthetic fuel from brown coal commenced at Leuna in 1927. From 1933 the Nazi government began to prepare for war and heavily expanded the Leuna complex to ensure that Germany had sufficient resources of fuel, nitrogen and rubber to support short campaigns. The synthetic fuel production technology developed in Leuna was also transferred to thirteen other sites in Greater Germany.
&amp;nbsp;
Commencing on 12 May 1944 the USAAF, and later the RAF, undertook a sustained bombing campaign against Leuna and the other synthetic fuel plants. However, due to the critical importance of Leuna to the war effort, the German state devoted significant resources to the defence of the plant, and to its repair and the maintenance of production. The USAAF and RAF attacked Leuna on 21 subsequent occasions until production finally ceased in March 1945. This sustained bombing ultimately overcame the Leuna workforce’s ability to repair the utilities but did not seriously damage the core production equipment. This paper uses German, American and British archival sources to explore in detail the nature and impact of the air campaign against Leuna and to examine and explain the ways in which the Germans sought, with some success, to keep the plant operational. In addressing the bombing campaign from an alternative perspective, primarily from the ground looking up, the paper offers new insight into a topic most commonly viewed from the perspective of the Allied forces.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/83</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.83</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 115-160</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Strategic Bombing</text>
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                <text>Synthetic fuel</text>
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                <text>Leuna</text>
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                <text>Strategic Bombing Survey</text>
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                <text>The United States Army Air Force Bombing Campaign Against the Leuna Synthetic Fuel Plant in 1944-45 and the German Response.</text>
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                <text>McGourty, Séan</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read
Séan McGourty discusses "Is it useful for military officers to study military history?".</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/82</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.82</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/82/76</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/82/77</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 161-167</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Military History</text>
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                <text>Professional Military Education</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Is it Useful for Military Officers to Study Military History?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Farragher, David</text>
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                <text>This paper aims to answer the primary research question: Is just culture compatible with Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine (DFLD)? Current DFLD provides an organisational framework intended to embed the cultural values, attributes, skills, and actions that contribute to leadership development, throughout all Defence Forces (DF) services. Unique within DFLD, the Irish Air Corps (IAC) advocate the practice of ‘just culture’ which centres around principles designed to create an environment of trust and accountability. Subsequently, these contribute to organisational learning and improvement as a consequence of addressing safety related systems failures while adopting a culpability mindset. If DF strategic leadership intend to advocate and foster cultural change throughout the organisation there must first be an acknowledgement that change takes time. The DF faces two challenges in introducing cultural change, firstly identifying organisational barriers to change, secondly how to overcome them.
This paper argues that if the DF seeks to foster a culture that sets the conditions for honest disclosure it must embrace collective learning as a consequence of mistakes. Significantly, &amp;nbsp;research revealed that there is a desire among organisational leadership to address this cultural void through the introduction of a parallel reporting system which is voluntary, nonpunitive and protected throughout the DF. Essentially, the adoption of just culture can only be validated if there is organisational buy in which is dependent on a cycle of trust and its advocacy by leadership emanating from within leadership doctrine.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/81</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.81</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 79-115</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Irish Defence Forces</text>
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                <text>Leadership</text>
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                <text>Leadership Doctrine</text>
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                <text>Just Culture</text>
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                <text>accountability</text>
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                <text>Is Just Culture Compatible With Irish Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine?</text>
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                <text>Tynan, John</text>
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                <text>Throughout the last two decades the primary threats that has dominated the counter terrorism landscape internationally has been that of the challenge posed by radical Islamist related extremism. A particular focus on radical Islamist related extremism has been driven by the significant directed or inspired attacks perpetrated in the West by various Islamist extremist groupings and in particular those carried out by Al Qaeda and ISIL. Notwithstanding this, considerable concern is now orientating towards the upward trajectory of violent right-wing extremism (VRWE). This paper sets out to examine the presence and impact of transnational VRWE in Ireland and to assess whether VRWE is a threat which requires greater attention at a national level.
This paper argues that all though the right wing has had limited political success in Ireland, a nascent transnational threat from VRWE can pose a threat to Irish security owing to its capacity to activate and mobilise violent&amp;nbsp; political and social actions both in the physical and virtual environments. The role of the online environment as an enabling medium for the propagation and influence of right wing discourse is also a concern. Although efforts to combat spread of VRWE ideologies are advancing at the EU level, further efforts at a national level to control and regulate violent discourse and hate speech&amp;nbsp; online are necessary to stem the influence of hateful and sometimes violent discourse as portrayed by right wing entities.</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55967">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55969">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 40-78</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="55970">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Right wing extremism</text>
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                <text>transnational extremism</text>
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                <text>terrorism</text>
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                <text>Ireland and Transnational Right-Wing Extremism: Steadfast Resilience or Blind Vulnerability?</text>
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              <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="56086">
                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Josep Borrell, Vice President of the European Commission, set out his fears that the EU was at risk of being “always principled but seldom relevant” (2021, p. 2). International law could be said to be similarly threatened, particularly in relation to cyberoperations, in respect of which its application has been strongly challenged. While states now broadly agree that international law applies in cyberspace, how it applies remains uncertain and contested. This paper analyses why the application of international law to cyberspace has been so fraught with difficulties and considers whether international law can provide the Irish State with a means of enhancing its cybersecurity and deterring state-led cyberoperations below the threshold of armed conflict.
The paper finds that the application of international law in cyberspace is problematic due to the manifestation of cyberoperations below the jus ad bellum threshold, and the challenging geopolitical environment that inhibits agreement on the principles of the international law of cyberoperations. International law is an object of dispute (Delerue, Douzet, &amp;amp; Gery, 2020, p. 15) and arguments on the application of international law in cyberspace represent states’ strategic positions in the evolving geopolitical power struggle. The paper finds that, as cyberoperations are transnational, unilateral responses cannot be effective, and that small states have an interest in promoting international law and norms to create a more favourable international environment. The paper concludes that, as international law continues to exert a normative force on state behaviour, it has the potential to regulate sub-threshold cyberoperations as part of the comprehensive approach to cybersecurity.</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55943">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55944">
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              <elementText elementTextId="55945">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 4-39</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55946">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>cyberspace</text>
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                <text>International Law and the Regulation of Cyberoperations Below the Jus Ad Bellum Threshold.  An Irish Cybersecurity Perspective</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>10 minute read: Killing with Kindness. Military Strategy and the role of Ethics and Public Opinion.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55889">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 120-128</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55890">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read:&amp;nbsp;To what extent has ‘soft power’ replaced more traditional ‘hard power’ as the key tool of statecraft in the twenty-first century?</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 113-119</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Soft Power</text>
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                <text>Hard Power</text>
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                <text>Statecraft</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read: To what extent has ‘soft power’ replaced more traditional ‘hard power’ as the key tool of statecraft in the twenty-first century?</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="56086">
                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>This paper asks why the National Army Civil War dead are not commemorated in Ireland. Identifying a distinct gap in the literature regarding the Irish Civil War in general and the commemoration of the National Army war dead in particular, the research tackles some key assumptions regarding commemoration in Ireland, challenging in particular the assertion that historic amnesia towards military service in Ireland pertains to the British Army alone.
At national level, the commemorative ceremonies for the Irish State’s own war dead reflect ambivalence about asserting the State’s origins, but also highlight a tension between the different traditions in Ireland. Approaching the problem through examination of both commemorative ceremonial and some of the key surviving structures of monumental material culture in the Irish commemorative landscape, this paper finds that this ambivalence is significant, reflecting perhaps Ireland’s political and strategic culture. Ireland shares some similarities with the Spanish experience of its civil war, but differs substantially in how it has essentially avoided the issue. Drawing on themes such as inclusiveness, ‘good history’ and ethical remembering in commemoration, this study argues that there are inconsistencies in the Irish commemorative landscape which contradict the notion of real inclusiveness. The conclusion of this paper is, therefore, that in Ireland today, as for most of the twentieth century, the National Army soldiers who died fighting for the State are not appropriately commemorated, either by the State, or by the Defence Forces. Moreover, it would appear that the Defence Forces itself has never really developed its own internal culture of commemoration since, United Nations service aside, there is almost complete amnesia regarding its dead from the Civil War, from the Emergency period and from the Troubles.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/70</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.3.1.70</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55844">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 CC BY 4.0</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55845">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55846">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 77-112</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55847">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Irish Civil War</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55849">
                <text>National Army</text>
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                <text>Commemoration</text>
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                <text>Inclusiveness</text>
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                <text>Irish Defence Forces</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55853">
                <text>Lest We Remember. Why does the Irish State not commemorate the National Army soldiers who died during the Civil War?</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Sayen, George</text>
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                <text>The article seeks to reassess certain key decisions by the leadership of the Greek Field Army of Asia Minor (FAAM) in connection with the battle of the Sakarya River (23 August to 14 September 1921), at which the FAAM reached the high water mark of its campaign against the Turkish Nationalist forces during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919 – 1922.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The article focuses on the Greek decisions (i) to exploit their victory at&amp;nbsp; Eskişehir in July 1921 by crossing the Sakarya river and attempting to capture the Nationalist capital of Ankara, (ii) to attack the Nationalist forces arrayed behind the Sakarya river by way of an envelopment of their southern flank rather than a direct assault and (iii) to abandon the offensive and withdraw on 11-13 September 1921.&amp;nbsp; The article argues that the historiography of the campaign, particularly in English, has tended to be overly critical of the first of the above decisions and insufficiently critical of the latter two.&amp;nbsp; It concludes that (i) there were compelling reasons for the FAAM to make a determined attempt to capture Ankara despite the challenges and risks of doing so, (ii) the plan of battle was overly complex and risky from a tactical and a logistical standpoint whilst a direct assault across the river might have been more effective and involved less risk, and (iii) the withdrawal may have been premature.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While it has been argued that the Sakarya river campaign is a classic illustration of Clausewitz’s concept of a ‘culminating point’,&amp;nbsp; at which an offensive pushed too far yields the advantage to the defender, the article argues that it has just as much to teach about Clausewitz’s countervailing principle of ‘continuity’, which holds that an insufficiently aggressive follow up of an initial victory can lead to unnecessary defeat.
&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>application/pdf</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55817">
                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/69</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.3.1.69</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/69/61</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55822">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 CC BY 4.0</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55823">
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              <elementText elementTextId="55824">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 40-76</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55825">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Culminating Point</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55827">
                <text>Greco-Turkish War</text>
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                <text>Sakarya River</text>
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                <text>Battle of Sakarya River</text>
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                <text>Principle of Continuity</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55831">
                <text>Greek Decision-Making and the Battle of the Sakarya River, 1921: Towards a New Assessment?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55792">
                <text>Peatfield, Kyle</text>
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                <text>History shows us that success on the battlefield is not guaranteed to the side with the higher level of technological advancements. The competitive edge often resides with those who learn how to account for and integrate the required change that technology demands. This is more relevant now than ever before, given the nature of current global geo-political great power competitions. This study investigates how military leaders can manage technological changes within their organisations. Specifically, this research examines the utility of John Kotter’s Eight-Step change management theory as a potential framework. This research cross analyses a review of contemporary change literature with data from semi-structured questionnaires from current military leaders. Four main themes emerge from this primary research: 1.) Military change is constant and technology plays a vital part, 2.) Leaders influence organisational culture which impacts change, 3.) The military relies on a leader’s abilities and not a formalised process and 4.) Current military culture inhibits Kotter’s Eight-Step Model. The research findings further identify the potential positive implications for institutionalising formal change management training into professional military education to equip leadership with a roadmap to managing change and further enhancing current organisational culture.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/68</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.3.1.68</text>
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