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                <text>O'Regan, Anthony</text>
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                <text>This article examines the early voluntary turnover of enlisted personnel within the Irish Naval Service. The purpose of the study is to explore current challenges facing the organisation regarding the retention of young, recently enlisted personnel. The paper adopts a qualitative research design with an interpretivist approach and draws on semistructured interviews undertaken with key respondents from the Irish Naval Service. The article explores different models for understanding the turnover process and makes recommendations with relevance for current and future policy. Key findings include the urgent need for theIrish Naval Service to develop a retention strategy for young enlisted personnel, and also the need for recruits to be made aware of the realities of life at sea before joining and before they are posted to sea. The paper identifies that, without significant change, the Naval Service may face an ongoing crisis regarding the retention of enlisted personnel.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 150-180</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>All Vision, No Substance; are Unmet Expectations a Key Factor in the Voluntary Turnover and Discharge of Enlisted Personnel in the Naval Service?</text>
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                <text>This article examines the question of how NATO employs instruments of power as it prepares for a possible defence against aggression from a potential adversary. It will attempt to answer this question by applying the various instruments of national power to form a qualitative assessment of the degree to which NATO exerts itself in these those power domains and how effectively these prepare NATO for conventional warfare. The article will consider how these instruments of national power, as represented by the ‘DIMEFIL’ acronym, can be applied and quantified as NATO’s own ‘supranational’ power parameters. Notwithstanding the obvious fact that NATO cannot be considered as a ‘national’ entity, nevertheless this article argues that such an analysis provides sufficient validity to produce observations and derive reliable conclusions. Whether such an analysis can shed light on NATO’s level of preparedness in fighting- and winning- a conventional European land conflict is the principal consideration of this article.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 133-149</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>How Does NATO Apply Instruments of Power as it Prepares for the Possibility of Conventional Warfare Against a Peer Adversary? Applying a ‘DIMEFIL’ analysis.</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Moloney, Elaine</text>
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                <text>The Irish Defence Forces is committed to increasing female participation to 12 per cent by 2023. However, numbers have never surpassed 8 per cent. Thisarticle aims to shine a light on a possible explanation or contributing factor of this by exploring the relationship between stereotypes, linguistic bias, andgender inequalities in the Irish Naval Service (NS). Building on Beukeboom and Burgers’ Social Categories and Stereotypes Communications (SCSC)framework, this study asks if gender stereotypes and gender biased language exist in the NS and, if so, how prevalent are they and what are theirconsequences on gender inequality in the organisation. This study highlights a reliance on gender roles within the NS which ascribe men a higher status than women and which view women as mothers. Consequently, women appear to be unfairly disadvantaged when it comes to career progression and advancement. The study also suggests that men are inclined to portray themselves in a more favourable light while also highlighting the negative behaviours of women. These findings support the notion that gender stereotypes and gender biased language are active in the NS and suggest a relationship between their use and gender inequalities in the NS. On this basis, it is recommended that NS adopts an integrated and continuous training programme that raises greater awareness of stereotypes, linguistic biases, and the negative consequences of their use. Further research is needed to identify further areas that stereotypes, and linguistic biases could be contributing to gender inequalities in the NS.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/49</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.94</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 94-132</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Do Words Really Never Harm Us? An Exploration of the Relationship between Stereotypes, Linguistic Bias and Gender Inequalities in the Irish Naval Service</text>
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                <text>In spite of several high-profile cases of radicalisation in recent years, Ireland does not appear to have formulated a coherent response, unlike most other European countries. This paper aims to answer the central research question: how should the Irish state respond to the radicalisation of Irish citizens in support of Islamist terrorism? A review of the literature on radicalisation was conducted, based upon the models of radicalisation set forth by Wiktorowicz (2004) andPrecht (2007) which have identified possible indicators of radicalisation. As the literature on the subject is somewhat sparse relating to the Irish context, the counter-radicalisation strategies of the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark were examined for international comparison. The study was carried out as a qualitative, phenomenological research project using mixed methods. Documentary analysis of relevant Irish, UK, and Danish government publications was followed by the conduct of semi-structured elite interviews. It is apparent that this country does not have a proactive approach to security issues in general, andradicalisation in particular. Interviewees were strong in their support for the adoption of more clearly defined measures to counter Islamist radicalisation specific to the context in this country, though there is no clear consensus on the best path forward. The complex individual nature of the radicalisation process, and the impact of external influences, were recognised as key considerations. The need for widespread consultation, at the expert level, on the crafting of thestate’s response was also emphasised, given the risks involved in a poorly conceptualised approach. Community cohesion emerged as an important topic, and may form the basis for an effective response, along with training for appropriate professionals and sensitisation of the population to the dangers of the issue.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 60-93</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>How Should the Irish State Respond to the Radicalisation of Irish Citizens in Support of Islamist Terrorism?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>This article examines the ability of the Irish Defence Forces (DF) Cadet School to produce officers of character and competence. Character is central to the military leader; it is a requirement of mission command and it is a force multiplier in Peace Support Operations that the DF are engaged in. The article examines the literature surrounding character development and the structures in place in the Cadet School and the wider DF to support character development. This is compared to academic theories and international practices in other military academies. The article identifies the current processes, as they are understood by those who have instructed in the Cadet School and those who have recently passed through the training program. The article outlines how the processes in the Cadet School do develop character, primarily through the actions of the instructors but this is not supported by an explicit character development program. The article outlines a proposed framework for the development of a Character Education program encompassing existing structures, such as the Cadet SchoolEthos and the DF Values. This could be further used to operationalise the DF Values in action and enhance leader development across the DF.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 21-59</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>How Effectively is the Cadet School Able to Develop Leaders of Character?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>The Defence Forces are Ireland's military instrument of national power with responsibilities for national security and defence. The Irish government is committed to supporting international peace and security by deploying Defence Forces' personnel on United Nations peacekeeping missions and EU and NATO-led crisis management operations. However, the characteristics of the contemporary operating environment (COE) make military operations today more complex than at any other time in human history. To operate effectively in the COE requires officers that are educated to cope with uncertainty and have highly developed critical thinking skills. This article examines the Defence Force's response to the challenge of educating its senior leaders through the recently developed Joint Command and Staff Course delivered in partnership with Maynooth University. This paper advances the argument that developing its personnel's intellectualcapacities is essential for the Defence Forces to operate effectively in the uncertainty of the modern security environment.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 8-20</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>The Joint Command and Staff Course: responding to the educational needs of senior officers in the Irish Defence Forces.</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>"Teaching Learners ‘How to Think’ not ‘What to Think:’ The MA in Leadership, Management and Defence Studies, the Command and Staff School and Professional Military Education in the Irish Defence Forces" by Brigadier General David Dignam, GOC Defence Forces Training Centre.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 4-7</text>
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                <text>Teaching Learners ‘How to Think’ not ‘What to Think:’ The MA in Leadership, Management and Defence Studies, the Command and Staff School and Professional Military Education in the Irish Defence Forces.</text>
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                <text>Becoming a mother is a life altering experience on its own. When women who serve in the military become mothers for the first time their cover as conceptual men is broken. Motherhood ultimately alters the playing field. This article explores the challenges of motherhood within the military. It investigates how women serving in the Irish Defence Forces navigate work life balance in a male dominated organisation as they undertake the most female role of all motherhood.&amp;nbsp; It explores issues that arise before during and after pregnancy and how the Defence Forces responds. The White Paper on Defence published in 2015, made a commitment to continue to progress work life balance initiatives for all members of the organisation (Department of Defence, 2015).This paper provides a valuable opportunity to generate narratives that have not been heard in the organisation before in response to this commitment.
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Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and should not be taken to represent the views of the Irish Defence Forces, the Command and Staff School or any other group or organisation.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, November 2020; 12-39</text>
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                <text>Responding to a dearth of literature on the subject, this paper explores and examines what motivates people to join the Irish Defence Forces. In addition, it examines recruitment strategy and policy within the Defence Forces, in order to assess the degree to which this is appropriate to meet current needs. The paper explores the difficulties and challenges that all militaries currently face in attracting, enlisting, and retaining the required numbers of new recruits, with reference to current scholarship and to ideas relating to motivational theory. Analysis of the Irish case is based on a qualitative research design situated within an interpretive paradigm. Utilising a mixed methods methodology, data was collected through the use of focus groups, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings from this research indicate that themes such as pride, challenge and self- improvement appear to be strong motivating factors for recruitment. On the basis of this, a number of recommendations are suggested including key policy changes and resource investment that will assist the Defence Forces in addressing both the challenges of military recruitment both now and in the future.
Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and should not be taken to represent the views of the Irish Defence Forces, the Command and Staff School or any other group or organisation.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, November 2020; 40-74</text>
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                <text>"Strengthen the Nation": Exploring the Motivating Factors Leading to Irish Defence Forces Recruitment</text>
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                <text>The Irish Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine emphasises the need for lifelong study and experiential learning, and the Defence Forces have considerable experience in managing oral history projects, including the Bureau of Military History and the Military Archives Oral History Projects. However, Irish doctrine does not outline any formal method to capture these experiences as a leadership development tool or to enhance organisational memory. The aim of this paper is to examine the value of utilising oral history for leadership development and organisational memory. It demonstrates that there is a risk to organisational memory unless a formal methodology is in place to capture the experiences of Defence Forces members and connected personnel. The use of tacit knowledge, which has facilitated the handover of information to date, is not sufficient nor is the written record alone. This paper shows that a combination of multiple primary sources, including the written record and oral history, provides an opportunity to enhance leadership development. It also demonstrates that the use of oral history provides an opportunity to capture the social and human aspect of Defence Forces activities to not only enhance organisational memory but to understand the context within which decisions were made.
Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and should not be taken to represent the views of the Irish Defence Forces, the Command and Staff School or any other group or organisation.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/33/30</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, November 2020; 107-141</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55467">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>oral history</text>
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                <text>Irish Defence Forces</text>
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                <text>Oral History: Utilising the Experience of Others</text>
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