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                <text>Epstein, Rachel A</text>
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                <text>By some measures, the European Union’s Eastern enlargement, and the attendant securitization of East Central Europe through membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, have brought significant economic and welfare benefits to the former Soviet satellites or republics that have joined these organizations. All of their economies are considerably larger than in 1989. Foreign investment has helped fuel significant growth in the region, and financial linkages between East and West had a stabilizing influence during and after the US financial crisis of 2008-09. But economic success in absolute terms has not prevented a sense of disappointment from settling over the region, nor has it forestalled an illiberal backlash in a number of countries, which has had economic, political, and in some cases ethno-populist dimensions. This article examines some of the main economic trajectories around growth, consumption, investment, and finance. It explains why, despite numerous positive measures, both economic and political liberalism are under intensifying scrutiny. Growing inequality within countries, as well as continuing inequality – including power disparities between East and West Europe – have fueled discontent with the terms on which many East Central European states have integrated into the EU. &amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2019): European Union Enlargement: 15 Years On; 1-19</text>
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                <text>2562-8429</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i2</text>
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                <text>The Economic Successes and Sources of Discontent in East Central Europe</text>
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                <text>Galgóczi, Béla</text>
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                <text>The Eastern EU enlargement (2004, 2007, 2013) is still one of the success stories of the EU (and unprecedented in the world), but at the same time it is controversial and is perceived as controversial. One of the core problems has been its unbalanced character: the whole process had a clear `Single Market` focus and the values of a `Social Europe` were of secondary importance. Based on a neofunctionalist approach the paper discusses the integration of the new member states from the point of view of economic and income convergence. Along with a literature review, data on wages, productivity and output will be analysed to demonstrate that upward convergence of the poorer new member states towards the EU average had been stalled in wake of the 2009 crisis. The resulting cleavages put the core hypothesis of the neofunctionalist approach - that EU integration has a `direction` in terms of an upwards convergence - into question.</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2563</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i2.2563</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2563/2338</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2019): European Union Enlargement: 15 Years On; 20-38</text>
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                <text>2562-8429</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i2</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>EU integration, Central-Eastern Europe, wages, convergence</text>
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                <text>Economic and Social Balance of 15 Years of Eastern Enlargement</text>
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                <text>Pettai, Vello</text>
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                <text>2020-06-02</text>
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                <text>As the Baltic states commemorated the centenary of their first appearance as independent states in 2018, their celebrations were mixed with feelings of ambiguity about the road travelled since then. Although today we often see Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as 'post-communist' countries, their experience with communism was actually much harsher than in Central Europe, since, for nearly fifty years, the three countries were forcibly a part of the Soviet Union. This has made their journey back into the European community all that more remarkable, and it has also served to keep these countries somewhat more resistant to the dangers of democratic backsliding. After all, their continued independence and well-being are intricately dependent on keeping the European liberal order intact. Nevertheless, the winds of populism have also begun to buffet these three countries, meaning that they have been struggling to keep their balancing act going. This article reviews the development of the Baltic states over the last 20 years, both in terms of domestic politics and EU accession and membership. It profiles the way in which the three countries have been trying to keep their faith in democracy and liberalism alive amidst ever more turbulent political and economic times.</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2562</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i2.2562</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2562/2339</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2019): European Union Enlargement: 15 Years On; 39-63</text>
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                <text>2562-8429</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i2</text>
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                <text>Baltic states, EU accession, post-communist politics</text>
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                <text>The Baltic States: Keeping the Faith in Turbulent Times</text>
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                <text>Fischer-Souan, Maricia</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2020-03-24</text>
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                <text>This article addresses the idea of belonging in Europe from the perspective of postcolonial migrants settling in EU societies. It draws on over one hundred in-depth interviews with Algerian, Ecuadorian, and Indian individuals settled mainly in and around the cities of London, Madrid, and Paris. Rather than investigating migrants’ orientations to Europe through a narrow interest in self-identification (feeling vs. not feeling European), it delves into individual migration narratives for evidence of how Europe is imagined (if it is imagined at all) during the migration process and its relation to other physical and symbolic sites. As a frame for interpreting individual migration narratives, I introduce the concept of ‘migratory rupture’, a dialectical experience of both the disorienting and creative aspects of migration.&amp;nbsp; In excavating some of the reflexive processes involved in constructing symbolic geographies of attachment, I find that regardless of the scales of comparison used to articulate place affiliation across different contexts, e.g. whether small-scale (neighbourhoods or city districts) or larger-scale (supranational or de-territorialized categories), symbolic geographies allow migrants to view their transnational life experience on a single, coherent plane and express a form of global consciousness.</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2550</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i1.2550</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2550/2322</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59145">
                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2019); 38-64</text>
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                <text>2562-8429</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i1</text>
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                <text>Belonging, geographical imagination, migration, orientations to Europe</text>
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                <text>Becoming European: Strangers Finding a Place in the European Union</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>&amp;nbsp;The article investigates the persistence on the political sphere of the peculiar Five Star Movement in Italy. It does so by analyzing how the support base was mobilized on the ground in order to provide important insights on the contemporary Italian (and European) crisis of representation. The 5SM responded to the political vacuum caused by the decline of the traditional mediating role of the Italian party system with another vacuum. The absence of a traditional political plan in favour of a platform whose issues are supposedly decided by the 5SM activists, supported by a complex structure comprehensive of both vertical and horizontal features as well as an original style of communication and an ideology that officially try to capitalize on the participative side of web 2.0, offered the 5SM’s activists the hope of being in control of their future. Such perception made fortunes of the 5SM.</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59128">
                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2019); 21-37</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59129">
                <text>2562-8429</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59130">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i1</text>
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                <text>Grillo and the Vacuum: Understanding the Project of the Five Stars Movement</text>
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                  <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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                <text>Terpan, Fabien</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59105">
                <text>This article assesses the influence of the Franco-German partnership on the development of an EU foreign and security policy since the 1990s, in order to see whether political cohesion between the two member states is a necessary and sufficient condition for the EU to emerge as an actor in the international arena. Based on a methodology using secondary literature in a systematic way, the argument unfolds in three parts: first, the article looks at the political cohesion between the two member states in terms of both the building and the content of the EU’s foreign and security policy. Then, it seeks to establish a correlation between Franco-German cohesion and the existence of an EU position, or lack thereof. Finally, the last section explains why the Franco-German cohesion is a necessary but insufficient condition for the EU to gain actorness, by looking at other variables pertaining to: domestic politics, European politics and the international environment. Four models of interaction between the Franco-German cohesion and these other variables are developed: effective consensus; ineffective consensus; diffuse consensus; blocking dissensus.</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2529</text>
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                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i1.2529</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59110">
                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59111">
                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2529/2324</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59112">
                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2019); 1-20</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59113">
                <text>2562-8429</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59114">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v13i1</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59115">
                <text>Assessing the influence of France and Germany on EU foreign and security policy</text>
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                  <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59089">
                <text>Valenza, Domenico</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59090">
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Since the late 1990s, transparency has emerged as a major governance pillar helping resource-rich countries improve their performance and escape the resource curse. Within this debate, a few scholars have pointed to the correlation between ownership structure and transparency, and have argued that under state ownership, transparency should not be expected, as government officials refrain from strengthening institutions to retain their discretionary power.
&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i2.1182</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2522</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59093">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v12i2.2522</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59094">
                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
              </elementText>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59095">
                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2018: RERA V12:2 Fall 2018 (backfile abstracts)</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59096">
                <text>2562-8429</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59097">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v12i2</text>
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Transparency, State Ownership, Norway, Russia, Oil and Gas</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>Transparency in Commodity-Rich Countries: Is State Ownership to Blame?</text>
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                  <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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              <elementText elementTextId="59076">
                <text>Shaban, Tatsiana</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>2018-12-20</text>
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                <text>The European Union’s neighbourhood is complex and still far from being stable. In Ukraine, significant progress has occurred in many areas of transition; however, much work remains to be done, especially in the field of regional development and governance where many legacies of the Soviet model remain. At the crossroads between East and West, Ukraine presents an interesting case of policy development as an expression of European Union (EU) external governance. This paper asks the question: why was the relationship between the EU and Ukraine fairly unsuccessful at promoting stability in the region and in Ukraine? What was missing in the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in Ukraine that rendered the EU unable to prevent a conflict on the ground? By identifying security, territorial, and institutional challenges and opportunities the EU has faced in Ukraine, this paper underlines the most important factors accounting for the performance of its external governance and crisis management in Ukraine.
&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i2.1310</text>
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                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2521</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59080">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v12i2.2521</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59082">
                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2018: RERA V12:2 Fall 2018 (backfile abstracts)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59083">
                <text>2562-8429</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="59084">
                <text>10.22215/cjers.v12i2</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
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                <text>The European Union’s Policy towards its Eastern Neighbours: The Crisis in Ukraine</text>
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                <text>Peer-reviewed Article</text>
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="57791">
                  <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59063">
                <text>Foster, Chase</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59064">
                <text>2018-04-03</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Since the global financial crisis, European governments have sought to intensify the supervision of financial markets. Yet, few studies have empirically examined whether regulatory approaches have systematically shifted in the aftermath of the crisis, and how these reforms have been mediated by longstanding national strategies to promote domestic financial interests in the European single market. Examining hundreds of enforcement actions in three key European jurisdictions, I find a mixed pattern of continuity and change in the aftermath of the crisis. In the UK, aggregate monetary penalties and criminal sanctions have skyrocketed since 2009, while in France and Germany, the enforcement pattern suggests continuity, with both countries assessing penalties and prosecuting insider trading at similar rates before and after the crisis. I conclude that financial regulation is still structured by longstanding industrial strategies (Story and Walter, 1997), but where pre-existing regulatory approaches were seen as contributing to the crisis, a broader regulatory overhaul has been pursued. Thus, in the UK, where the financial crisis served as a direct rebuke to the country’s “light touch” regulation, financial supervision was overhauled, and monetary sanctions dramatically increased, to preserve London’s status as an international financial centre. By contrast, in France and Germany, where domestic regulatory systems were implicated by the financial crisis, domestic securities supervision and enforcement was less dramatically altered. While the crisis has led to the further institutionalization of European-level supervisory institutions, these changes have not yet led to convergence in national regulatory approaches.
&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i1.1233</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="59066">
                <text>https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/CJERS/article/view/2518</text>
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                <text>This paper examines the role played by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), finding that the ESM has greatly expanded the IMF’s surveillance and oversight roles in the European Monetary Union (EMU). Building from a liberal intergovernmental framework of integration analysis, this paper argues that the IMF’s function as a de facto EMU supervisor in the ESM, a significant break from prior European integration, stems from the alignment of crisis response preferences amongst the EMU’s largest economies, the erosion of the credibility of the European Commission as an enforcer of structural reforms, and the IMF’s close fit with the preferred institutional arrangements that derived from the bargaining dynamics between euro members.
&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i1.1232
&amp;nbsp;</text>
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