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                <text>Adamczyk, Arkadiusz</text>
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                <text>The Polish-Hungarian relationship remains something extraordinary on a European scale. Although the consciousness of the societies of both nations is dominated by a positive perception of mutual relations, it was not a constant phenomenon in history. It was most intense when both countries resisted the domination of the Germanic element. Hungary was the first to lose its independence, succumbing to the Eastern factor. Also Poland shared the fate of Hungary, succumbing to pressure from both the east and the west. Historical experience of both countries showed the necessity to cooperate against threats coming from both directions. However, the conditions after 1886 were not conducive to the implementation of this assumption, although in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Poles and Hungarians had geopolitical visions defining the scale of possible transformations in Central Europe. The change came after the end of World War II. Regardless of the naturally existing discrepancies in the perception of one’s surroundings, in the 21st century it is difficult to indicate any Polish geopolitical concept that does not take into account the regional role of Hungary, or the Hungarian one that ignores the Republic of Poland.</text>
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                <text>Stosunki polsko-węgierskie pozostają czymś niezwykłym na skalę europejską. Choć w świadomości społeczeństw obu narodów dominuje pozytywne postrzeganie wzajemnych relacji, nie było to zjawisko stale występujące w historii. Najintensywniej zachodziło, gdy oba kraje opierały się dominacji pierwiastka germańskiego. Węgry jako pierwsze utraciły niepodległość, ulegając naciskom ze Wschodu. Również Polska podzieliła los Węgier, ulegając presji zarówno ze Wschodu, jak i Zachodu. Doświadczenia historyczne obu krajów pokazały konieczność współdziałania wobec zagrożeń płynących z obu kierunków. Warunki po 1886 roku nie sprzyjały realizacji tego założenia, choć w XIX i XX wieku Polacy i Węgrzy snuli wizje geopolityczne określające skalę możliwych przemian w Europie Środkowej. Zmiana nastąpiła po zakończeniu II wojny światowej. Niezależnie od naturalnie występujących rozbieżności w postrzeganiu własnego otoczenia, w XXI wieku trudno wskazać polską koncepcję geopolityczną, która nie uwzględnia regionalnej roli Węgier, czy też węgierską, ignorującą Rzeczpospolitą Polską.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14022</text>
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                <text>pol</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14022/13569</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 195-214</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 195-214</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>Poland</text>
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                <text>Hungary</text>
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                <text>Geopolitics</text>
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                <text>Central Europe</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>Węgry</text>
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                <text>geopolityka</text>
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                <text>Europa Środkowa</text>
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                <text>Geopolitics of Central European Solidarity Poles and Hungarians between History, Stereotype and Spatial and Political Issues</text>
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                <text>Geopolityka środkowoeuropejskiej solidarności. Polacy i Węgrzy między historią, stereotypem a uwarunkowaniami przestrzenno-politycznymi</text>
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                <text>Rekść, Magdalena</text>
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                <text>The 14th Winter Olympics, held from February 8 to 19, 1984, still evoke nostalgic memories of the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially its capital. Although it was Yugoslavia’s declining moment, the communist authorities put much effort into promoting the atmosphere of “brotherhood and unity.” However, soon after, the war broke out, and the post-war shape of the Bosnian state lead to the permanent political, social and economic crisis. As a result, Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks cannot agree about shared history and common heroes. One of the few crossing points is the myth of the 14th Winter Olympic Games: possibly these days sport idols (Jure Franko, Katarina Witt, Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) can fill the gaps in almost empty Bosnian symbolic apparatus.</text>
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                <text>XIV Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie, które odbyły się od 8 do 19 lutego 1984 r., wciąż budzą nostalgiczne wspomnienia mieszkańców Bośni i Hercegowiny, a zwłaszcza mieszkańców stolicy. Choć był to schyłkowy moment trwania Jugosławii, władze komunistyczne włożyły wiele wysiłku w promowanie atmosfery „braterstwa i jedności”. Wkrótce jednak wybuchła wojna, a powojenny kształt, jaki przybrało państwo bośniackie, spowodował permanentny kryzys polityczny, społeczny i gospodarczy. W rezultacie Serbowie, Chorwaci i Bośniacy nie mogą się zgodzić co do wspólnej historii i wspólnych bohaterów. Jednym z nielicznych miejsc wspólnych jest mit XIV Zimowych Igrzysk Olimpijskich, w związku z czym ówcześni idole sportu (Jure Franko, Katarina Witt, Jayne Torvill i Christopher Dean) mogliby wypełnić luki w prawie pustym bośniackim aparacie symbolicznym.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14021</text>
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                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14021/13568</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71624">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 173-191</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 173-191</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>14th Winter Olympic Games</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>Bośnia i Hercegowina</text>
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                <text>XIV Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie</text>
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                <text>Igrzyska Olimpijskie</text>
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                <text>Jugosławia</text>
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                <text>The Myth of the Winter Olympics in Sarajevo in Bosnian Collective Memory</text>
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                <text>Mit zimowych igrzysk olimpijskich w Sarajewie w bośniackiej pamięci zbiorowej</text>
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                <text>Kobierecki, Michał M.</text>
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                <text>2022-07-21</text>
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                <text>The article discusses the issue of the non-political character of sport. The research aims to trace the position of the International Olympic Committee towards the politicization of sport and to confront it with IOC’s actual activities that can be described as political.
The research led to the conclusion that the apolitical character of sport is only a myth. The mass popularity of sport led many states to try to use it for political purposes, forcing the IOC to assume a political position and transferring political disputes to their forum.</text>
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                <text>Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu apolitycznego charakteru sportu. Badania mają na celu prześledzenie stanowiska Międzynarodowego Komitetu Olimpijskiego wobec upolitycznienia sportu i skonfrontowanie go z faktyczną działalnością MKOl, którą można określić jako polityczną. Badania doprowadziły do wniosku, że apolityczny charakter sportu to tylko mit. Masowa popularność sportu skłoniła wiele państw do prób wykorzystania go do celów politycznych, zmuszając MKOl do zajmowania stanowisk politycznych i przenoszenia sporów politycznych na swoje forum.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 151-171</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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                <text>upolitycznienie sportu</text>
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                <text>Międzynarodowy Komitet Olimpijski</text>
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                <text>Myth of A-Politicality in the Context  of the International Olympic Committee’s Functioning</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71608">
                <text>Mit apolityczności sportu w kontekście działań Międzynarodowego Komitetu Olimpijskiego</text>
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                <text>Jung, Rafał</text>
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                <text>The article discusses a unique Polish-state institution functioning in the interwar period, the Polish Committee for Sports Events in Berlin (PKISB). Through sport, its representatives channelled the ambition to shape Poland’s favourable image in the German Reich which was hostile to the Second Polish Republic. In the long run, the Committee proved to be an instrument for improving general Polish-German relations. The article focuses on an initial phase of PKISB activity, when, after Adolf Hitler came to power, the future of political relations between the hitherto antagonised neighbours was at stake. The activities of this institution have been analysed mainly with reference to football as the most popular sport in Poland and Germany.</text>
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                <text>Artykuł poddaje omówieniu wyjątkową polską instytucję państwową działającą w okresie międzywojennym, Polski Komitet Imprez Sportowych w Berlinie (PKISB). Jej przedstawiciele poprzez sport realizowali ambicję kształtowania korzystnego wizerunku Polski we wrogiej II RP Rzeszy Niemieckiej. W dłuższej perspektywie Komitet okazał się narzędziem poprawy ogólnych stosunków polsko-niemieckich. Artykuł koncentruje się na początkowej fazie działalności PKISB, kiedy po dojściu do władzy Adolfa Hitlera stawką była przyszłość stosunków politycznych między dotychczas skłóconymi sąsiadami. Działalność tej instytucji została przeanalizowana głównie w odniesieniu do piłki nożnej jako najpopularniejszego sportu w Polsce i Niemczech.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14018</text>
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                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14018/13566</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14018/14230</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71562">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 119-150</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 119-150</text>
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                <text>politics</text>
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                <text>football</text>
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                <text>the Second Republic of Poland</text>
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                <text>The Third German Reich</text>
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                <text>piłka nożna</text>
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                <text>II Rzeczpospolita</text>
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                <text>III Rzesza Niemiecka</text>
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                <text>The Polish Committee for Sports Events in Berlin on the Road to Normalisation of Polish-German Political Relations (1932–1934). The Political Background of the First-Ever Football Match between the Polish and German National Teams</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71577">
                <text>Polski Komitet Imprez Sportowych w Berlinie na drodze ku normalizacji polsko-niemieckich stosunków politycznych (1932–1934). Polityczne kulisy pierwszego w historii meczu piłkarskiego reprezentacji Polski i Niemiec</text>
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                <text>Owsiański, Jarosław</text>
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                <text>The players who played in the Polish football league in the interwar period were very versatile and talented, therefore they were also successful in other sports. The aim of the study was to assess the scale of this phenomenon. The mass development of football in Poland meant that there was a shortage of talented players in the struggle involving sports games, athletics or winter sports. The high level of physical fitness of the players predisposed them to participate in the competitions in sections of sports clubs other than football. The author presents detailed lists of footballers, participants in league competitions in the years 1927–1939, who became medallists of Polish championships in ice hockey, athletics, basketball, volleyball and handball. In addition, the biographies and achievements of the most versatile athletes are included.</text>
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                <text>Zawodnicy występujący w latach międzywojennych w polskiej lidze piłkarskiej byli bardzo wszechstronni i utalentowani, dlatego odnosili sukcesy sportowe także w innych dyscyplinach sportu. Celem pracy była ocena skali tego zjawiska. Masowy rozwój piłki nożnej w Polsce sprawił, że brakowało utalentowanych zawodników w zmaganiach obejmujących gry sportowe, lekkoatletykę czy sporty zimowe. Wysoka sprawność piłkarzy predystynowała ich do udziału w rywalizacji sekcji klubów sportowych, innych niż futbolowe. Przedstawiono szczegółowe wykazy piłkarzy, uczestników rozgrywek ligowych w latach 1927–1939, którzy zostali medalistami mistrzostw Polski w hokeju na lodzie, lekkoatletyce, koszykówce, siatkówce i piłce ręcznej. Ponadto zaprezentowano sylwetki i dokonania najbardziej wszechstronnych zawodników.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14017</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.27.08</text>
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                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14017/14227</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71522">
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              <elementText elementTextId="71523">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 97-118</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 97-118</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>football</text>
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                <text>Sports Versatility of Polish Footballers, Participants of League Games in 1927–1939</text>
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                <text>Sportowa wszechstronność  polskich piłkarzy, uczestników rozgrywek ligowych w latach 1927–1939</text>
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                <text>The Committee for Polish Children in the USSR operated in the years 1943–1946. It was established on June 30, 1943 in Moscow following a political left-wing initiative. The Committee was a care-giving institution, fully in line with the Soviet system ideals. One of the most important matters tackled by the Committee was the repatriation of the youngest Polish citizens to their homeland. It was the subject of meetings, discussions and many hours of talks with the Soviet authorities. This issue was one of the most difficult tasks carried out by the Committee employees. The repatriation of orphanages to Poland lasted from January to August 1946.</text>
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                <text>Komitet do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR funkcjonował w latach 1943–1946 r. Został powołany 30 czerwca 1943 r. w Moskwie z inicjatywy środowisk lewicowych. Komitet był opiekuńczą instytucją radziecką. Wszelkie jego działania były wzorowane na rosyjskim systemie oświatowym.
Jedną z najważniejszych i najbardziej istotnych spraw w działalności Komitetu do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR była repatriacja najmłodszych obywateli polskich do ojczyzny. Zagadnienie to było przedmiotem wielu niezwykle żmudnych spotkań, zabiegów i wielogodzinnych rozmów z władzami radzieckimi. Kwestia ta należała do najtrudniejszych zadań realizowanych przez pracowników Kompoldietu. Repatriacja domów dziecka do Polski rozpoczęła się w styczniu 1946 r.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14016</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.27.07</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14016/14228</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71490">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 73-93</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 73-93</text>
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                <text>1641-4233</text>
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                <text>Repatriation</text>
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                <text>orphanages</text>
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                <text>World War II</text>
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                <text>Committee for Polish Children in the USSR</text>
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                <text>Poland</text>
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                <text>Gostynin</text>
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                <text>repatriacja</text>
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                <text>domy dziecka</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71502">
                <text>II wojna światowa</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71503">
                <text>Komitet do spraw Dzieci Polskich w ZSRR</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71504">
                <text>Polska</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71505">
                <text>Gostynin</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71506">
                <text>The Repatriation of Polish Orphanages  from USSR to Poland in 1946</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71507">
                <text>Repatriacja polskich domów dziecka  z ZSRR do Polski w 1946 r.</text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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              <name>Title</name>
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              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="68492">
                  <text>International Studies - Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal       </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71997">
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                <text>Wielomski, Adam</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71447">
                <text>Georges Sorel is a Franco-Italian thinker, famous as the creator of the theory of modern political mythology. In Poland Sorel is seen only as a Marxist thinker. In reality, Sorel was a nonorthodox Marxist, but in the last decades of his life he constructed a political mythology of revolution from the Left and the Right. Sorel can be seen in collaboration with communists and sindicalists in Italy and nationalists and monarchists in France. His mixture of communist and nationalist ideas is the ground for the fascist movement of Benito Mussolini.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71448">
                <text>Gorges Sorel to francusko-włoski myśliciel znany jako twórca teorii współczesnej mitologii politycznej. W Polsce Sorel jest postrzegany tylko jako myśliciel marksistowski. Rzeczywistość jest jednak bardziej skomplikowana. Sorel był nieortodoksyjnym myślicielem marksistowskim, a w ostatniej epoce swego życia skonstruował polityczną mitologię rewolucji od lewicy po prawicę. Sorela równie dobrze można uznać za współpracownika komunistów i syndykalistów we Włoszech co nacjonalistów i monarchistów we Francji. Jego mieszanka idei komunistycznych i nacjonalistycznych jest podstawą faszystowskiego ruchu Benito Mussoliniego.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14015</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.27.06</text>
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                <text>pol</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71454">
                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14015/13553</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14015/14226</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71457">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
              </elementText>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71458">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 63-72</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71459">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 63-72</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71460">
                <text>2300-8695</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71461">
                <text>1641-4233</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71462">
                <text>Georges Sorel</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71463">
                <text>political myth</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71464">
                <text>Marxism</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71465">
                <text>fascism</text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="71466">
                <text>sindicalism</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71467">
                <text>Andrzej Sepkowski</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71468">
                <text>Georges Sorel</text>
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                <text>mit polityczny</text>
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                <text>marksizm</text>
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                <text>faszyzm</text>
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                <text>syndykalizm</text>
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                <text>Georges Sorel and the Naissance  of the Fascist Political Myth</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71474">
                <text>Georges Sorel i narodziny faszystowskiego mitu politycznego</text>
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                  <text>International Studies - Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal       </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="71997">
                  <text>Lodz University Press        </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71416">
                <text>Dubicki, Andrzej</text>
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                <text>Nicolae Iorga is a person of much significance in the history and culture of Romania. He very often spoke about Polish matters in a broad sense pertaining both to academic and political issues. Nicolae Iorga’s involvement with Poland is noticeable almost constantly during his scientific and political career. From the time of primary school to his tragic death, Poland and its affairs were present in his activities also through the influence of his teachers, professors or later political partners,. Thanks to his historical education, Iorga saw Poland as an important partner of Romania on the international stage; moreover, as a guarantee of political security; but also an important partner in the context of cultural development. The initiator of the Romanian language and culture courses at the Jagiellonian University, Nicolae Iorga was given a honorary doctorate by Wilno University in 1931 for his important role in strengthening relations between Poland and Romania.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71419">
                <text>Nicolae Iorga jest postacią o dużym znaczeniu w historii i kulturze Rumunii. Bardzo często wypowiadał się o sprawach polskich w szerokim tego słowa znaczeniu, zarówno w kwestiach akademickich, jak i politycznych. Zaangażowanie Iorgi w Polskę jest widoczne niemal nieprzerwanie w trakcie jego kariery naukowej i politycznej. Od czasów szkolnych po jego tragiczną śmierć Polska i jej sprawy były obecne w jego działalności także za sprawą jego nauczycieli, profesorów czy późniejszych partnerów politycznych. Dzięki wykształceniu historycznemu Iorga postrzegał Polskę jako ważnego partnera Rumunii na arenie międzynarodowej, jako gwarancję bezpieczeństwa politycznego, ale także ważnego partnera w kontekście rozwoju kulturalnego. Jako inicjator kursów języka i kultury rumuńskiej na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim, Nicolae Iorga otrzymał tytuł doktora honoris causa Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego w 1931 r. za ważną rolę w umacnianiu stosunków między Polską a Rumunią.</text>
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            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71422">
                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14014</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.27.05</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71424">
                <text>pol</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71425">
                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14014/13552</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/14014/14225</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71428">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="71429">
                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 53-62</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="71430">
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                <text>Jerzy Grobicki (1891–1972). From the Foreign Legion to the Polish Army General. A Cavalryman’s Biography</text>
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                <text>Jerzy Grobicki (1891–1972). Od Legii Cudzoziemskiej do generała WP. Biografia kawalerzysty</text>
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