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                <text>Zięba, Aleksandra</text>
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                <text>Szlachter, Damian</text>
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                <text>The paper explores selected factors influencing the process of radicalisation leading to the use of political violence and terror by the Muslim minorities living in the European Union member states. Internal and external catalysts conditioning this process and methods of their analysis have been presented. The second section examines various counter-radicalisation and de-radicalisation efforts of the EU. The authors analysed the multidimensional European Union policy in the area of counteracting radicalisation for empowering the population and member states in preventing the radicalisation and recruitment to terrorism and emphasising the role of social partners and local authorities. Also, the promotion of good practices for combating radicalisation, developed under the auspices of the multidisciplinary Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN) is presented.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6523</text>
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                <text>10.1515/ipcj-2015-0009</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6523/6123</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 119-144</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 17 Nr 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 119-144</text>
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                <text>Radicalisation</text>
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                <text>Countering Radicalisation of Muslim Community Opinions on the EU Level</text>
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                <text>Mares, Miroslav</text>
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                <text>This paper explains various strategies of contemporary Islamists extremism in Europe. The author identifies the most important variants of Islamist extremism and deals with their goals and with strategic approaches how to achieve these goals. Quasi-legalist strategies as well as violent forms of interest-empowerment are described. The author uses sources from various Islamist organizations and analyses these materials within the framework of modern insurgency. A comprehensive outlook and threat assessment of Islamist extremist strategies are included in this article.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6519</text>
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                <text>10.1515/ipcj-2015-0008</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6519/6119</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 109-118</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 17 Nr 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 109-118</text>
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                <text>Islamist Extremist</text>
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                <text>Europe</text>
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                <text>Strategies of Islamist Extremism in Europe</text>
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                <text>Proshyn, Denys</text>
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                <text>David Rapoport’s Wave theory of terrorism is one of the most oftencited theories in the literature on terrorist violence. Rapoport is praised for having provided researchers with a universal instrument which allows them to explain the origin and transformation of various historical types of terrorism by applying to them the concept of global waves of terrorist violence driven by universal political impulses. This article, testing the Wave theory against the recent phenomenon of homegrown jihadism in Europe, uncovers this theory’s fundamental weaknesses and questions its real academic and practical value.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6515</text>
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                <text>10.1515/ipcj-2015-0007</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6515/6115</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 91-107</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 17 Nr 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 91-107</text>
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                <text>the Wave theory of terrorism</text>
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                <text>the Fourth Wave terrorism</text>
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                <text>European homegrown jihadists</text>
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                <text>critique</text>
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                <text>Breaking the Waves: How the Phenomenon of European Jihadism Militates Against the Wave Theory of Terrorism</text>
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                <text>Babić, Marko</text>
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                <text>Political extremism (and particularly right wing political extremism) remains relatively insufficiently explored due to the fact that the phenomenon is controversial and hard to define. Its ambiguity and variability depending on time and spatial point of view further complicates its definition. Its structure is amorphous and eclectic as it often includes elements from different ideologies and connects incompatible ideas. A multidimensional conceptualization and an interdisciplinary approach - sociological, social, psychological and historical, are the Author’s tools in explaining the phenomenon of political extremism in Serbia, hopefully contributing to its clarification and laying a foundation for its further explanatory theoretical studies.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 59-72</text>
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                <text>It is a fact that in the European Union there is a strengthening of right-wing extremism, radical right movement, populism and nationalism. The consequences of the economic crisis, such as a decline in living standards, losing of jobs, rising unemployment especially among young people, undoubtedly goes in favor of strengthening the right-wing extremism. In the research, forms of manifestation will be covered of this dangerous phenomenon and response of the institutions. Western Balkan countries, as a result of right-wing extremism, are especially sensitive region on possible consequences that might occur, since there are several unresolved political problems, which can very easily turn into a new cycle of conflicts, if European integration processes get delayed indefinitely.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/6495</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 43-57</text>
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                <text>The paper provides a comprehensive overview of European radical parties. The main aim of this paper is to examine whether there are common patterns regarding these parties, and to analyse the implications of this phenomenon. In order to achieve the above, the paper proceeds as follows: Firstly, the phenomenon of political radicalisation in contemporary Europe is explored. This leads to mapping the radical political landscape in Europe. Finally, the paper concludes with the analysis of the possible outcomes of radicalisation of European politics including the possible societal effects. By doing so the paper argues that a fresh theoretical approach to comprehend the phenomenon is necessary.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 27-41</text>
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                <text>After the London bombings in July 2005, the concern of terrorism scholars and policy makers has turned to “home-grown” terrorism and potential for political violence from within the states. “Radicalization” became a new buzz word. This article follows a number of reviews of the literature on radicalization and offers another angle for looking at this research. First, it discusses the term “radicalization” and suggests the use of the following definition of radicalization as a process by which a person adopts belief systems which justify the use of violence to effect social change and comes to actively support as well as employ violent means for political purposes. Next, it proposes to see the theories of radicalization focusing on the individual and the two dimensions of his/her motivation: whether that motivation is internal or external and whether it is due to personal choice or either internal (due to some psychological traits) or external compulsion. Though not all theories fall neatly within these categories, they make it possible to make comparisons of contributions from a variety of different areas thus reflecting on the interdisciplinary nature of the study of terrorism in general and radicalization as a part of it.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 9-26</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 17 Nr 1 (2015): Varieties of Contemporary Radical Politics; 9-26</text>
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                <text>Exploring the Theories of Radicalization</text>
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                <text>Dieser Artikel stellt die Wechselwirkungsenergie-Unternehmen aus Deutschland und Österreich in der Zeit der Finanzkrise dar. Dazu gehören Unternehmen wie die Verbund AG, EVN und ÖMV. Österreichische Energieunternehmen in Deutschland sind wichtige Akteure auf dem lokalen Energiemarkt. Dank entsprechender Technologie- und Business-Erfahrung können diese Unternehmen mit den deutschen Riesen, wie z.B. mit E.ON kooperieren. Als Beispiel kann der Bau von Wasserkraftanlagen in Bayern fungieren. Im Gegenzug geht der Ölkonzern ÖMV die Partnerschaft mit RWE im Bau von Gasleitungen ein. Zunächst wird die Nabucco-Gas-Pipeline gebaut, derzeit die South-Stream-Pipeline.</text>
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                <text>&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;The aim of this article is to present the collaboration between com­panies in the energy sector in Austria and Germany. During the financial crisis 2008–2012, Austrian energy companies became important partners of German firms supplying Germany with the energy necessary for industries and households. In addition, companies from Austria and Germany participated in the first phase of construction of the pipeline Nabucco. Thanks to manage capital of Austrian and German companies, they may now jointly pursue the objective of expansion in third countries market. After the energy reform, known as the Energiewende, Germany needs more electricity, which largely provide the company with a smaller, but equally high-tech Republic of Austria.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2016): Österreich in der gegenwärtigen polnischen Forschung; 85-100</text>
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                <text>Mai 2004 – ein glückliches Datum für die Polen. Republik Polen wurde Mitglied der EU! Die Österreicher freuten sich nicht so sehr über die Aufnahme von zehn Ländern aus Mittel- und Osteuropa in die EU-Strukturen. Vor der Erweiterung der Union schlugen die Österreicher vor, für die Staatsbürger der neuen EU-Mitgliedsländer, die eine Arbeit auf dem Gebiet der EU aufnehmen wollten, eine siebenjährige Karenzzeit und eine Schutzfrist für vier Branchen festzusetzen. Die Mitglieder der österreichischen Regierung und der Kommissar Franz Fischler spornten österreichische Unternehmer zur Ostexpansion an. 67% der österreichischen Kleinunternehmer waren jedoch der Meinung, dass die EU-Erweiterung ihrem Lande keinen Nutzen bringe. Man übte Druck auf die Regierung aus, damit sie den eigenen Arbeitsmarkt, die Landwirtschaft und die Grenzregionen schützt. Die Österreicher schlugen vor (was andere EU-Nettozahler unterstützten), die EU-Ausgaben auf dem Niveau von 1% des Bruttonationaleinkommens zu beschränken. Sie haben jedoch die Tatsache vergessen, dass die Kürzungen auch ihre eigenen Bürger treffen werden.</text>
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                <text>May 1, 2004 is a joyful day for the Polish society. Poland became a member of the European-Union! The Austrians did not enjoy the admission of the 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe to the EU. At that time only 38% of Austrians were satisfied with EU membership. Before the enlargement of the Union Austria suggested a seven-year grace period for citizens from new member states who wish to work in the area of the EU and the protection period for the four main industries. Members of the Austrian Government and the Commissioner, Franz Fischler expresses a hope that Austrian entrepreneurs would expand to the east. Sixty seven percent of entrepreneurs of small Austrian companies felt, however, that EU enlargement will not bring the country any benefits. They pressured the government to protect its own labor market, agriculture and border regions.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2016): Österreich in der gegenwärtigen polnischen Forschung; 71-84</text>
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