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                <text>Defence diplomacy, also known as military diplomacy, is the non-violent use of military forces, adapting public diplomacy, through activities like officer exchanges, combined training programmes, cultural exchanges, and ship visits, etc., to further a country's diplomatic ties and promoting its International agenda. Despite having existed in various forms for hundreds of years, this custom and its usage as an instrument of statecraft have received surprising little attention as a discipline for scholarly studies. Defence diplomacy in the last few decades has developed as a significant tool in the global political platform for statesmen to create better ties between allies and stand as a formidable opponent. This paper clarifies what defence diplomacy is, and what it means for modern International relations. In doing so, the paper seeks to resolve the academic oversight by critically examining the concept of defence diplomacy itself. In particular, this paper plans to address the conceptual ambiguity of the term “defencediplomacy” since its very first use by the British government in 1990.&amp;amp;nbsp; Breaking down the various existing approaches to defence diplomacy, its tools, and execution in different case studies, this paper identifies the concept as a variant of soft power that is used to integrate the strategic thinking of another state. By linking defence diplomacy to the concept of soft power, this paper will not only cover the practices used by the states today but also illustrate the underlying strategic mechanism that makes defence diplomacy an effective and dynamic geopolitical tool in a global arena.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2020): Winter 2020; 63-80</text>
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                <text>2319-5177</text>
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                <text>Defence Diplomacy: A Powerful Tool of Statecraft</text>
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                <text>Since Xi Jinping came to power, new concepts and ideas have come to define China's polity. Of which, Military-Civil Fusion (MCF) is one of the significant concepts added to China's national strategy with the aim to integrate the civilian research and commercial sectors with the military and defence industrial base. The MCF is integral to Xi's vision of the "China Dream" of building a strong country with a strong military by enabling the Military to harness the country's rapid economic growth. Here, the quest lies in building capabilities in ‘dual-use' technology and infrastructure to enhance China's overall economic and military capability and secure China's position vis-à-vis the West. The challenge for China is to match the speed and scope of the rapid technological pace to create Fast or lose the ability to compete. In this context, the paper seeks to understand the civil-military integration in China, under its current form as ‘MCF'. The key elements examined are the objectives, goals, and policies of the MCFstrategy. It also explores the significance as well as the scepticism attached to China's MCF strategy.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2020): Winter 2020; 42-62</text>
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                <text>2319-5177</text>
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                <text>China's Military-Civil Fusion Strategy: Building a Strong Nation with a Strong Military</text>
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                <text>In the emerging security environment, psychological warfare has become a significant and cost-effective non-lethal method to influence the target segment that is not controlled by any universally accepted laws, rules, usages, and customs. What adds to it are the radical changes in the geopolitical and geo-economic environment, information and communication technology (ICT), which is not only the predominant driver of change in future conflicts, but it is a potent weapon of today and tomorrow. The paper aims to briefly study the historical perspective and application of psychological warfare (psywar) at all levels, including International, national, and military levels. With a brief look at different terms in vogue and the overall aim, it would also briefly analyse the psywar being waged by Pakistan and China against India at different levels and what should be India's actions to ensure an effective psywar policy and strategy.
Note: The latest data used in the paper is until 30 September 2020.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2020): Winter 2020; 12-41</text>
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                <text>2319-5177</text>
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                <text>Psychological Warfare: Call Out Adversaries' Designs</text>
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                <text>Kugelman, Michael</text>
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                <text>The recent India-China border crisis in Ladakh underscores the threat posed by Beijing to the United States (US) and Indian interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Accordingly, the spat presents opportunities to strengthen the US-India partnership. However, the crisis also risks exposing the partnership's limits. This paper argues that to fully capitalise on the opportunities that the crisis generates for US-India relations, Washington and New Delhi should make some definitional and operational calibrations to their relationship. Additionally, America should expand its geographic conception of “Indo Pacific” beyond sea-based theatres and into land-based spaces, including the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This wider purview would strengthen US-India relations and serve US interests more broadly by expanding the scope for cooperation with Indo-Pacific states within the ambit of America's Asia policy.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal Winter 2020&amp;nbsp;is a&amp;nbsp;“Special Issue”&amp;nbsp;that holds significance in many ways. Contextually, it highlights the commemorative spirit of the 15 Years of Excellence of the Centre for Land Warfare Studies, and conceptually it puts forward an understanding of China in the current dynamic&amp;nbsp;vis-à-vis&amp;nbsp;India, from a wide range of perspectives, especially from India, United States, Bangladesh, and Australia.</text>
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