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                <text>Contrary to popular discourse, the threats emanating from the internal security issues pose serious security threats to the Indian stateand its people. Faced with numerous internal security challenges, the Indian experience of dealing with them has been a mixed experience. Arguably, no other country has ever faced such multiple internal security threats, in various forms and intensity than the Indian state. While the threat perception emanating from the internal security challenges has de-escalated over the last few years, they refuse to die down. Considering the immediacy of the issue, this paper critically engages with the contemporary internal security challenges that the Indian state encounters. In doing so the paper reflects upon the very process through which each of these internal security threats operates and highlights the nature and the intensity of threat perception. Through providing a conceptual framework, the paper also evaluates the state's responses to the internal security issues. The paper limits its scope to four major internal security issues in India: The Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), the violent conflicts in the Northeastern states, Separatism and terrorism in Jammu, and Kashmir (J&amp;amp;K), and communal violence and religious radicalization.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Winter 2021; 28-45</text>
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                <text>Ahuluwalia, V. K.</text>
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                <text>South Asia is one of the most unstable and volatile regions of the world and stands second least peaceful region out of nine regions that were evaluated by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). The ranking of the peacefulness of most of the South Asian countries is also rather low. In a developing country like India, the economic cost of violence at 5 percent of its GDP is too high. The causes of internal conflicts can be attributed to factors like ineffectiveness of the governance systems, sub-nationalism, deprivations, discrimination, social injustice, ethnic, sectarian, and religious polarisation, socio-economic exclusion, identity crisis, and competition for fast depleting crucial resources. These conflicts manifest in the form of insurgencies, terrorism, low-intensity armed conflicts, civil wars, and related political violence. There is a definite relationship between terrorism and internal armed conflicts, as both generally follow near similar contours. The terrorists have tried to destroy the very idea of India – democratic, secular, growth-oriented economy, excellence in IT and industry.
Almost all elements of national power have a role - direct or indirect - on matters of national security, to suppress internal armedconflicts, and finally to resolve them. The legitimate aspirations and grievances of the people must be identified region-wise and addressed with a sense of urgency. The Government needs to formulate a comprehensive National Security Strategy (CNSS), to give a definite direction to the role of each element of national power in the short and long term, and minimize its economic cost of violence.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Winter 2021; 1-27</text>
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                <text>2319-5177</text>
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                <text>Internal Security and Economic Cost of Violence: An Analysis</text>
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                <text>Jash, Amrita</text>
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                <text>In rhetorics, India-China relations are largely perceived to be pivoted in the bedrock principle of Panchsheel—the vision of “Peaceful coexistence”. With the 1962 War resulting in the departure from the sloganeering of “Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai”, the 70 years of the India-China ties have staggered over time and have increasingly become volatile as witnessed with the 2020 military stand-off in Eastern Ladakh. With the ties reaching their lowest, the unsettled border dispute holds a greater bearing on the ties-difficult to delink from the overall bilateral ties. With new differences added to the old dispute, the bilateral ties have become fragile with time despite the relative peace. Most precisely, what provides the context to the book are the three key situational factors: First, 2020, marked the seventh anniversary of the India-China diplomatic ties; second, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic from the Wuhan epidemic; and finally, the violent scuffle in Galwan Valley in Eastern Ladakh.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 163-165</text>
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                <text>2319-5177</text>
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                <text>India’s China Challenge: A Journey Through China’s Rise and What It Means for India Ananth Krishnan: HarperCollins Publishers, Noida, 2020, ISBN 9789390327683, 435 pp, Rs 599</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 154-162</text>
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                <text>China is conscious of the fact that projection of power requires dynamic maritime strategy and robust naval capabilities. China knows that unless it is able to secure its interests in the Indian Ocean it will be difficult to sustain economic growth. The land link to the Indian Ocean through China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and China Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) are important links to gain access to ports in the Indian Ocean but they are not a replacement to the strategic sea lines of communication (SLOC). Land links provide additional connectivity for economic benefits, but land links do not facilitate the projection of power to secure vital strategic interests in the vast Indian Ocean Region (IOR).</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 144-153</text>
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                <text>India’s peaceful abrogation of Article 370 was a major geopolitical setback and an intelligence failure for Pakistan. In one stroke, India severely dented Pakistan’s complex and layered infrastructure of militancy. Contrary to expectations when there was no widespread backlash against it, the ISI-masterminds pressurised the local terrorist organisations and Islamist groups to execute a large-scale terror attack or orchestrate a massive civil uprising. However, when they failed, clueless and perplexed Pakistan made drastic strategic and tactical changes in running Kashmir’s militancy to gain its lost ground. The most significant change was to minimise the role of local terrorist groups like Hizbul Mujahidin (HM) and strengthen the foreign terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM), and Al Badr as the leading groups. While to elude the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) scrutiny, many front organisations were created such as the LeT-led The Resistance Front (TRF) that emerged as the most active offshoot, claiming most terror attacks after 370. Another significant development is the emergence of Turkey as a critical stakeholder in Kashmir’s conflict theatre- working on multiple fronts ranging from militancy, diplomacy to inciting civil unrest. Given this context, the paper discusses and critically analyses the strategic and tactical changes ushered in by Pakistan in Kashmir’s proxy war after the abrogation of Article 370.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 118-143</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 101-117</text>
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                <text>The 2018 National Defence Strategy (NDS) unveiled by the Pentagon can be encapsulated in three words ‘compete, deter and win’. Keyquestions that arise are: What does it mean and how it gets manifested? NDS as the capstone document has been guiding the geopolitical discourse and global security developments. The Pentagon’s efforts to redraw its dominance strategy and course correct its two decades of distraction due to endless wars in Afghanistan and West Asia have already manifested in Sino-US relations. A decade of ‘pivot to Asia’ policy put in place by Obama’s administration gathered storm during Trump’s tenure. 2018 NDS declared China and Russia as strategic competitors. Washington’s assertion of widening the competitive space is based on the premise of seamlessly integrating the US “multiple elements of national power—diplomacy, information, economics, finance, intelligence, law enforcement, and military”. A closer examination of how the game gets played by the various national power elements under the new Biden administration will determine future policy directions against China and Russia. The lessons for India are ominous as it helps it to navigate the geo-strategic labyrinth.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2021): Summer 2021; 51-66</text>
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