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                <text>CLAWS Journal Winter 2020&amp;nbsp;is a&amp;nbsp;“Special Issue”&amp;nbsp;that holds significance in many ways. Contextually, it highlights the commemorative spirit of the 15 Years of Excellence of the Centre for Land Warfare Studies, and conceptually it puts forward an understanding of China in the current dynamic&amp;nbsp;vis-à-vis&amp;nbsp;India, from a wide range of perspectives, especially from India, United States, Bangladesh, and Australia.</text>
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                <text>In the emerging security environment, psychological warfare has become a significant and cost-effective non-lethal method to influence the target segment that is not controlled by any universally accepted laws, rules, usages, and customs. What adds to it are the radical changes in the geopolitical and geo-economic environment, information and communication technology (ICT), which is not only the predominant driver of change in future conflicts, but it is a potent weapon of today and tomorrow. The paper aims to briefly study the historical perspective and application of psychological warfare (psywar) at all levels, including International, national, and military levels. With a brief look at different terms in vogue and the overall aim, it would also briefly analyse the psywar being waged by Pakistan and China against India at different levels and what should be India's actions to ensure an effective psywar policy and strategy.
Note: The latest data used in the paper is until 30 September 2020.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 2 (2020): Winter 2020; 12-41</text>
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                <text>Psychological Warfare: Call Out Adversaries' Designs</text>
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                <text>Traditionally, the concept of national security was always associated with the protection of the territorial integrity of the country's borders against any external aggression. Post the Cold War, Human Development Report (HDR) 1994, introduced a new concept of human security, which was a historic departure from the traditional concept of national security. In this concept, much greater stress has been laid on the security of the people through sustainable human development programmes. National security, therefore, has two broad dimensions: traditional and non-traditional. All threats and challenges that impact “human security” are a part of the nontraditional dimension of national security. Similarly, the Commission on Human Security (CHS), constituted in 2000, defines human security as protection of the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive threats and situations. Based on the threats that influence “human security,” HDR 1994 categorised seven main threats to human security: economic security; food security; health security; environmental security; personal security; community security; and political security.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2020): Summer 2020; 19-47</text>
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                <text>Environmental Security: The Challenge of Future</text>
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                <text>In the 34-day Israel-Hezbollah War of 2006, Israel's Army, one of the most technologically advanced militaries of the world, was pitted against the fundamentalist Shia Muslim organization Hezbollah in southern Lebanon. Hezbollah, a non-state armed group, was armed with high-tech weaponry and other disruptive technologies, such as Precision Guided Munitions (PGMs), anti-tank missiles, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that are traditionally used by the regular forces of a country. Hezbollah forces shot down Israeli helicopters, severely damaged a patrol boat with a cruise missile, and destroyed a large number of armored tanks by firing guided missiles from hidden bunkers. The group's guerrillas stood their ground with their hi-tech weaponry and guerrilla tactics. They operated in a decentralised manner at the tactical levels, from both their urban and mountain bases, and shocked the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) with their conventional-cum-unconventional forms of warfare. Israel accepted that it committed a mistake in not adequately preparing for a ‘hybrid' conflict with Hezbollah.2 US Army Chief General George W. Casey said that a new type of war that would become increasingly common in the future would be “a hybrid of irregular warfare and conventional warfare.”</text>
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                <text>South Asia is one of the most unstable and volatile regions of the world and stands second least peaceful region out of nine regions that were evaluated by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). The ranking of the peacefulness of most of the South Asian countries is also rather low. In a developing country like India, the economic cost of violence at 5 percent of its GDP is too high. The causes of internal conflicts can be attributed to factors like ineffectiveness of the governance systems, sub-nationalism, deprivations, discrimination, social injustice, ethnic, sectarian, and religious polarisation, socio-economic exclusion, identity crisis, and competition for fast depleting crucial resources. These conflicts manifest in the form of insurgencies, terrorism, low-intensity armed conflicts, civil wars, and related political violence. There is a definite relationship between terrorism and internal armed conflicts, as both generally follow near similar contours. The terrorists have tried to destroy the very idea of India – democratic, secular, growth-oriented economy, excellence in IT and industry.
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Winter 2021; 1-27</text>
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                <text>From a time when Kashmir was regarded as the epitome of communal amity and the unequivocal support that the people of the state gave to the idea of India, to the past three decades of relative inversion of opinions, even if of a segment of the community, the state has travelled a long distance in a small span of its timeless history. All relevant parties to the Kashmir questions have had a role to play in this quagmire of intrigue and deceit. Any resolution is only conceivable if there is acceptance of the role that each has played in bringing the situation to the current pass and taking magnanimous steps in undoing the errors that have given rise to ill- perceptions on all sides. This paper seeks to highlight some of the most glaring issues that have bred distrust and suggest a way forward.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Winter 2021; 80-94</text>
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                <text>The Indian Space domain capability can be expanded in the South Asian Neighbourhood for offering solutions in the ISR, Communication, Meteorology, Navigation, Guest Astronauts for the Human space flight programme, and space infrastructure building. India’s South Asian communication satellite launched in 2017 was one such initiative leveraging the space capability for diplomatic outreach and developing the new space services market for Indian enterprises.
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 15 No. 1 (2022): Summer 2022; 102-118</text>
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