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                <text>The recent considerable loss of many of Taiwan’s diplomatic allies remainsunchanged. The authors of the article focus on the period between 2016and 2018, when the People’s Republic of China (PRC) established itsdiplomatic ties with Taiwan’s former allies such as Gambia, Burkina Faso,the Dominican Republic, Panama, São Tomé and Príncipe and El Salvador.The aim is to explore whether the diplomatic transition was the outcome ofdollar diplomacy alone, or if there were further motivations influencing therecognition process. The diplomatic overturn was analysed within six casestudies with a specific focus on the non-economic motivations. Inconclusion, the authors found out that the examined cases are di!erentfrom each other – in terms of not only the motivations themselves but alsothe ‘levels’ of these motivations. In most of the cases, it was possible todetect at least one significant non-economic motivation for the diplomaticswitch.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 3 (2020); 50-68</text>
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                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>People's Republic of China</text>
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                <text>The Motivation of Diplomatic Switch of Selected States Newly Recognizing China Within the China-Taiwan Rivalry</text>
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                <text>The text presents a contribution to the study of territoriality of violent non-state actors in areas of limited internal state power projection. It presentsthe strategy of liquid territoriality as a survival strategy of the territorialviolent non-state actors, as well as a strategy to develop protostatestructures. It builds on three pillars – minimal opposition of (primarilyexternal) state security services, support from the local population, and theability to reflect the dynamic development of power distribution. Thisstrategy is later applied to Al-Shabaab. This application helps us to betterunderstand not only the territorial development of the movement but alsothe limits of territorial control of violent non-state actors in general.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/76</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73225">
                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 3 (2020); 31-49</text>
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                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>territoriality</text>
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                <text>violent non-state actors</text>
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                <text>Al-Shabaab</text>
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                <text>state failure</text>
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                <text>Liquid Territoriality and Al-Shabaab</text>
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                  <text>Institute of International Relations Prague, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</text>
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                <text>Daněk, Petr</text>
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                <text>De facto states have moved from a periphery to the center of academicattention during the last two decades. The objective of the paper is anidentification of characteristic development trends within a set of thesenon-state territorial political units, and it investigates the relation betweenthe degree of their internal sovereignty and their level of partialinternational recognition. The quantitative method for assessment of thedegree of internal sovereignty is based on a set of seven indicators and anaggregate “indicator of internal sovereignty”. The set of de facto states iscomposed of 26 entities whose development is analyzed from 2001 to 2018.The results confirmed a relationship between the development of worldpolitics and the development trends within the set of de facto states, asignificant influence of partial international recognition on the level ofinternal sovereignty, and a close relation between security and politicalindicators of sovereignty.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/75</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73195">
                <text>10.32422/mv-cjir.1662</text>
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                <text>Institute of International Relations Prague</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73200">
                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 3 (2020); 5-30</text>
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                <text>Unrecognised states</text>
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                <text>sovereignty</text>
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                <text>security and political indicators</text>
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                <text>quantitative analysis</text>
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                <text>Perennially Perishable? Development Trends in the Set of De Facto States</text>
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                <text>Pakhomenko, Sergii</text>
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                <text>Gridina, Iryna</text>
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                <text>The article examines the processes of memory securitization in the RussianFederation and Latvia during the coronavirus crisis. The key factor thatallowed the authors to make such a statement about the problem was thetemporary coincidence of the pandemic with the 75th anniversary of thefinal defeat of Nazi Germany and the so-called Victory Day. As a theoreticalbasis for the study, we use the constructivist understanding of security inorder to study, with specific examples, how the threat in the form of apandemic became a frame for securitization of memory. The authorsidentify the peculiarities of the articulating of security problems by politicalelites in two states with different memory regimes framed by the pandemicas an external factor.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/74</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 94-116</text>
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                <text>Securitization</text>
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                <text>memory</text>
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                <text>Russia</text>
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                <text>Latvia</text>
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                <text>Covid-19 pandemic</text>
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                <text>Securitization of Memory in the Pandemic Period:  The Case of Russia and Latvia</text>
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                <text>Machitidze, Ivanna</text>
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                <text>Temirov, Yuriy</text>
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                <text>Hybrid regimes have been largely overlooked in the scholarly discussion onthe effectiveness of halting the new COVID-19 virus, not least due to thelack of conceptual clarity, as such regimes are considered as the halfway or“grey area” on the authoritarianism-to-democracy path. Hence, the presentpaper aims to contribute to the pool of research on the internal dynamicsof hybridity through exploring the responses towards the pandemic by twostable post-Soviet hybrid regimes, namely Georgia and Ukraine. The “mostsimilar systems” comparative research design allows us to demonstratethat the two countries’ di!erent crisis management and communicationstrategies explain Georgia’s relative success in halting the virus spread incomparison to Ukraine throughout the first wave. The application of HenryHale’s “single-pyramid” and “competitive pyramid” models of patronalpolitics highlights the lack of competitiveness in the formal and informalgovernance processes in Georgia’s case, as opposed to the chaotic mode ofdecision-making as well as plurality of informal actors in Ukraine’s case.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 72-93</text>
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                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>hybrid regimes</text>
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                <text>COVID-19</text>
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                <text>crisis management</text>
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                <text>Ukraine</text>
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                <text>Hybrid Regimes’ Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: “The First Wave” Evidence from Ukraine and Georgia</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="74120">
                  <text>Institute of International Relations Prague, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</text>
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                <text>Maati, Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Švedkauskas, Žilvinas</text>
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                <text>The pandemic caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus has provided a pretext formany countries of the world to extend executive powers, and their digitalsurveillance capacities in particular. Aiming to identify how differentregimes frame digital surveillance, this paper employs qualitative contentanalysis to compare the government framing of digital surveillance in India,Israel and Singapore. Although due to their different working dynamics,one would expect democracies and autocracies to frame digital surveillancein di!erent ways, our findings reveal an overlap between liberal and illiberalrhetoric across the cases and point to unexplored illiberal peculiaritieswithin the category of ‘democratic backsliders.’ We conclude by cautiouslyspeculating how heightened extents of digital surveillance and trackingmay become the new normal across regime types, and how governmentsmight exploit and recycle these same frames to justify digital surveillanceafter the COVID-19 crisis is over.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/71</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73119">
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                <text>Institute of International Relations Prague</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 48-71</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73126">
                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>digital</text>
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                <text>privacy</text>
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                <text>human rights</text>
              </elementText>
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                <text>framing</text>
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                <text>regime types</text>
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                <text>democratic backsliding</text>
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                <text>Framing the Pandemic and the Rise of the Digital Surveillance State</text>
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                <text>Makarychev, Andrey</text>
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                <text>Kuznetsova, Anna</text>
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                <text>In this article, we discuss the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic as abiopolitical challenge that – along the lines of the contemporary academicdebate on biopower – may be approached through the concepts ofsovereignty and governmentality. Within this general framework, theauthors look at the challenges Russia faces due to the corona crisis fromthe viewpoint of domestic transformations within the ruling regime, mainlyfocusing on center – periphery relations as a core element of the powerstructure in Russia that demands a stronger emphasis on governmentality.We outline several forms of regions’ distancing from the federal center:digital empowerment, the resistance of the North, and the demand for"people’s governors". Our main conclusion is that the relative administrativeautonomy obtained by the regions reflects the ongoing process ofdecentralization of the Russian political system which will affect thestructural characteristics of Russian federalism in the future.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/70</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73099">
                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 31-47</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73100">
                <text>2788-2993</text>
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                <text>COVID-19</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73104">
                <text>centre-region relations</text>
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                <text>governmentality</text>
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                <text>The COVID Biopolitics in Russia: Putin’s Sovereignty versus Regional Governmentality</text>
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