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                <text>Łoś, Robert</text>
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                <text>The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4033</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 39-50</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 22 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 39-50</text>
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                <text>Hard and soft power</text>
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                <text>America and China’s power resources</text>
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                <text>U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential</text>
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                <text>Jones, David A.</text>
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                <text>American and Chinese interests seem to be at one time in agreement and at another at loggerheads over issues that involve armed services, diplomacy, economics, human rights, intelligence, trade and culture. Part of what may appear to be a growing déracinement, or mutual disenchantment, arising from diverse viewpoints over infrastructure development globally but especially in sensitive developing areas such as the stand-off in the South China Sea and elsewhere along the Pacific coastline of Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific Rim. China seems to be reconstructing its ancient feudal empire, actual or imaginary, in the territory to its South, the ASEAN bloc. This article will address some issues of compatibility and conflict that unite China but that sometimes divide it from the United States and the West, then assesses what alternative strategies should be adopted or abandoned in the interests of global and regional harmony coupled with security. It urges greater cooperation and collaboration, a development of a code of conduct for state behavior in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, together with a concerted East–West effort to maintain a stable economy for China and a sustainable trade relationship between China, Europe, and North America.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4032</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/4032/3490</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 9-38</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 22 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 9-38</text>
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                <text>China</text>
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                <text>South China Sea</text>
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                <text>Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China “Dr. Jekyll” or “Mr. Hyde” or Both?</text>
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                <text>Kończak, Izabela</text>
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                <text>Polygynous families had been living legally in Russia in the areas inhabited by Muslims from the October Revolution to the mid-twentieth century. However, such a family model was not common among the followers of Islam. An act penalizing bigamy or polygamy was introduced into the Penal Code in 1960. During perestroika, and later changes in the political system, imams who came from abroad began to visit areas inhabited by Muslims. They contributed to the rebirth of religion and promoted the idea of po­lygamy. Polygyny is the visible sign of dissimilarity and Muslim identity and was an important point in their teaching. In this context the number of polygynous relationships in Russia has increased significantly. The article is dedicated to the analysis of social and political discourse in Russia that has been taking place for several years.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3833</text>
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                <text>10.18778/1641-4233.21.10</text>
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                <text>Lodz University Press</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3833/3361</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 141-155</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 21 Nr 1 (2018): International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 141-155</text>
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                <text>Nikah</text>
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                <text>the Census</text>
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                <text>discussion about the legalisation of polygyny</text>
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                <text>The Arab Spring led to a major transformation of political systems of the region’s most countries; an increase in the significance of radical Islam in the political life; a degradation of the security environment. In addi­tion, changes in the region’s economy cannot be overlooked. The events connected with the Arab Spring gave the Russian Federation completely new challenges. The country has to yet again define the character of its relations with Muslim countries and adapt its foreign policy to the new post-revolutionary reality. The Arab Spring also represents a challenge for Russia in its internal affairs.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 127-140</text>
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                <text>The Arab Spring – Implications for the Russian Federation</text>
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                <text>Egypt is a place with a long tradition of female participation in revolutions. After years of Mubarak’s despotism, women joined the revolution once again. As a result, they had to deal with the violation of women’s rights. When Morsi was removed, women were again at the top of political topics. The new constitution was described as the most progressive for women. Sisi has been a president for short time but he is already called the presi­dent of women. However women still face problems. They defended them­selves from the Muslim Brotherhood’s rules by supporting Sisi, but did they really win by overthrowing the regime of Mubarak?</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 113-125</text>
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                <text>Did Egyptian Women Win or Lose by Overthrowing the Regime of Hosni Mubarak?</text>
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                <text>The article discusses the novel 2025. An-Nida al-Akhir [2025. The Last Call] written by a young Egyptian journalist and writer born in 1982 – Mustafa al-Husayni. The novel was published in early 2011, between the fall of Zayn al-Abidin Ibn Ali in Tunisia and of Husni Mubarak in Egypt. It describes a revolution against the regime of Jamal al-Mubarak, son of Husni, spurred by a group of young Egyptians. The story takes place in 2025 and antici­pates the development of the political situation in Egypt and the Middle East between 2011 and 2025 in a utopian/dystopian manner. Alongside Utopia by Ahmad Khalid Tawfik and the poetry of Usama al-Abnubi and Abd ar-Rahman al-Abnudi, al-Husayni’s book is considered to be a forecast of the Arab Spring in Egypt.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3830</text>
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                <text>Egypt: Revolution 2011/2025. Dystopia, Utopia, and Political Fiction in Mustafa Al-Husayni’s Novel "2025 An-Nida Al-Akhir"</text>
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                <text>After the outbreak of the Arab Spring and, above all, the intensification of the Syrian crisis with Ankara starting to engage in a political confrontation with Assad’s Syria, Tehran tried to exploit its historic strategic alliance with Damascus in a search for projecting its influence abroad. As Turkey has been facing more and more hardships and experiencing political isolation, Iran seemed to be more comfortable with its external environment, ben­efiting from a convergence of interests with Russia. However, the advent of ISIS created further disarray in the region, presenting opportunities for countries to cooperate especially for Erdogan’s new Turkey which was still focused on fighting Kurds.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 69-81</text>
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                <text>colonisability</text>
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                <text>National and Cultural Identity in Iraq in the Face of the Formation of the New Order in the Middle East. Philosophical Reflection and the Political Reality</text>
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                <text>Although regional states don`t seek war, it cannot be ruled out that an unfavourable development in the international arena could lead to an unintended outbreak of a full-scale conflict, which would either di­rectly or indirectly involve the Arab monarchies. In response to several threats within their proximity, these states have, for years, been pursuing several initiatives aimed at increasing their deterrence potential and inter­operability in case of a crisis. The main goal of this article is to present and assess the GCC’s threat perception, followed by an analysis of the multilat­eral and unilateral responses. The main research question concerns the de­gree to which the GCC states are able to establish a joint and effective military bloc within the Persian Gulf.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/3827</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 47-67</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 33-45</text>
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