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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Murray, Jean- Pierre</text>
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                <text>This article examines how narcotics came to be at the centre of US Foreign Policy in Latin America as of the latter half of the 20th Century. The central role of narcotics, referred to as narcotisation, is evident in the case study of US-Colombia relations. It is argued that through the securitization of narcotics, the US adopted a national security stance and sought to impose its supply side policies through coercive diplomacy and militaristic means. The article critically examines this realist approach coupled with the market-based logic of supply and demand, and highlights fundamental flaws which caused more debilitating effects than positive results in drug supply reduction. Despite the mobilization of considerable resources, the policies are largely ineffective, and US-Colombia relations continue to be narcotized.</text>
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                <text>International Drug Interdiction: The Narcotisation of United States - Colombia Relations</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Jules, Tavis D.</text>
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                <text>This article sets out to theoretically explain the Caribbean Community's (CARICOM) integrative stalemate. It argues that this needs to be studied in light of a changing regional, geographic, and geostrategic climate. A shift is occurring from 'endogenous regionalism,' which concentrates on the Caribbean's historical past, to 'exogenous regionalism,' which focuses on creating a borderless Caribbean space and promotes Caribbeanization through the Caribbean Single Market (CSM), which came into force in 2006, and the stalemated Caribbean Single Economy (CSE). I argue that new trans-hemispheric relations are emerging and Caribbean regionalism is now both multi-centric -arising from actions in numerous places rather than a single center- and also multi-temporal. In this context, mature regionalism presages effective governance by focusing on deepening regional structures and institutional arrangements. I argue that trans-regionalism is a multidimensional process that moves away from the spill-over effects of trade policy harmonization and streamlines different political, security, economic, and cultural regimes. I conclude by suggesting that 'meta-steering' in the form of 'strategic coordination' or 'first order response' is but one way to perceive the paused regional project.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)</text>
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                <text>A Stitch in Time Saves Caribbeanization: Meta- Steering and Strategic Coordination in an Era of Caribbean Trans- Regionalism</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>The promotion of democracy in Cuba has been, especially after the Cold War, a distinguishing feature of US foreign policy towards Havana. This article analyzes the evolution in US democracy promotion in Cuba, especially after the latest openings to Cuba (December 2014). Regarding the promotion of democracy on the island, the so-called 'abandonment of democracy' in US foreign policy never took place, and this implies a renovated effort to foster regime change - or at least a regime evolution - in Cuba. Obama resisted the virulent and invasive rhetoric of the 'Bush doctrine', and introduced some changes in US-Cuba state-to-state relations, while giving a strong relevance to the 'people-to-people's diplomacy' and 'public diplomacy', still perceived as tools to foster a political change on the island.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)</text>
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                <text>Obama and US Democracy Promotion in Cuba: New Strategies, Old Goals?</text>
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                <text>Williams, Yentyl</text>
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                <text>This article demonstrates that in the case of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), the EU, as the more powerful actor, shifts between hegemony and dominance in its relations with the CARIFORUM (CF) states in particular, and the African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states in general. It also sheds light on the slow process of endogenous Caribbean regional integration, which, despite any best endeavours from the EU, is actually complicated by the EU's emphasis on the EPA as a tool for integration. It shows that despite the conclusion and subsequent definition of the EPA as the case par excellence of the success of the broader EPA policy, it is not a Pareto-optimal agreement. Reference is made to the cases of the EU Common Agricultural Policy, the Protocol on Culture and the recent decision by EU policy-makers to extend the Octroi de Mer until 2020, the same date as the Cotonou agreement binding EU-ACP relations is due to expire.Keywords: European Union; CARIFORUM; Cotonou; Trade; EPAs</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2015)</text>
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                <text>The EU as a Foreign Policy Actor: Shifting Between Hegemony and Dominance</text>
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                <text>This paper argues that the practice and discipline of international relations (IR) shrouds the many ways through which colonial power is institutionalized within the structure of the modern nation-state and the system of states in which nation-states are embedded. By over-valuing modernist assumptions in research and practice, IR ignores the colonial constitution of modernity. This is more than an intellectual blind spot. It has led to universalizing Eurocentric assumptions about 'natural' human development culminating in the acquisition of a nation-state, which has effectively depoliticized the colonial project of state-making in the context of formerly colonized territories. I argue for re-politicizing postcolonial territory by discussing a decolonial approach calling for 'pluriversal' (rather than universal) thinking that chooses to address the continuities of colonialism within the structure of the state and work towards collective decolonization.</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Postcolonial Territory and the Coloniality of the State</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Byron, Jessica</text>
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                <text>This article reviews CARICOM's track record from the perspective of developmental regionalism, exploring the extent of its contributions to human development, visibility and influence for these very small actors in the global community. We highlight CARICOM's provision of regional public goods and role in constructing social and political norms while conceding the many shortcomings in economic integration and in building strong regional institutions. The article is critical of CARICOM's historically slow embrace of integration initiatives in the wider hemisphere. It discusses CARICOM's recent challenges, responses and opportunities in engaging with Latin America.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/509</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/509/431</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="14834">
                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 4 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Developmental Regionalism in Crisis? Rethinking CARICOM, Deepening Relations with Latin America</text>
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                  <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Haughton, Suzette A.</text>
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                <text>2014-10-07</text>
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                <text>This paper utilizes the notion of securitization as a framework for explaining Jamaica's security response to the 2009 Jamaica-USA Extradition Affair. The Extradition Treaty between the two countries is an important agreement used to address Jamaica's drug trafficking problem. The paper argues that Jamaica's official state response in this extradition matter was securitized, and it supports this argument in three ways. First, it explains the securitization model as an important analytical tool in security studies. Second, the paper discusses the production of drug trafficking as a security problem in Jamaica. Further, it demonstrates how the 2009 affair was securitized, culminating in the death of seventy-five Jamaicans before the capture and extradition of the alleged drug cartel. Finally, the paper questions whether, because of the responses it generates, securitization of the drug threat remains a useful policy option for the Jamaican state rather than an alternative of de-securitization. It concludes that, despite the benefits of de-securitization, internal conditions still support the continued securitization of Jamaica's drug problem.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="14818">
                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/490</text>
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            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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                <text>eng</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="14820">
                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/490/415</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="14822">
                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 3 (2014)</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>The 2009 Jamaica- USA Extradition Affair: a Securitized Response to Jamaica's Drug Problem</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Badella, Alessandro</text>
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                <text>For almost three decades, democracy promotion has been the cornerstone of US policy towards Cuba and it has shaped bilateral relations around the democratic conditionality codified in the embargo against the island. Obama entered the White House as the 'open minded candidate' who could realize the promise embedded within Jimmy Carter's 2002 speech in Havana, but, for different reasons, the new President opted for a more 'Clintonian' approach characterized by only a partial relaxation of sanctions and people-to-people diplomacy as a tool for obtaining more political concessions from Raul Castro.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/483</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/483/409</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 2 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Between Carter and Clinton: Obama's Policy Towards Cuba</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>Infante Caffi, Maria Teresa</text>
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                <text>In 2014, the International Court of Justice rendered its judgment on matters submitted to it by Peru against Chile in 2008. Peru contended that there was a bilateral legal controversy over the delimitation of the maritime spaces between both countries. Chile argued for the validity of long-standing treaties between the parties, which had been enforced and implemented in law and in practice. Was it a classical delimitation controversy from one part, or a reinterpretation of existing agreements from another perspective? The judgment acknowledged the existing maritime delimitation, while jointly declaring that the extent of the parallel line reaches 80 nautical miles.</text>
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                <text>The Decision on the Maritime Boundary between Chile and Peru: International Law Revisited</text>
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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>This paper contrasts the Guyana-Venezuela maritime incident that occurred on October 10th 2013 with the Guyana-Suriname maritime incident that occurred on June 3rd 2000. It examines several issues to determine whether the actions by the Venezuelan Government to detain the seismic research vessel RV Teknik Perdana which was in disputed waters at the time of the incident can be justified under public international law. First, the different factual backgrounds between the two events are discussed. Next, the legal implication of the different Maritime zones where the two incidents occur is examined. This is followed by a discussion on the use of force in the Guyana-Venezuela incident versus the threat of force in the Guyana-Suriname incident. The Applicability of UNCLOS and its Dispute settlement mechanism to the disputes is also analysed and finally, the applicability of customary international law principles of equidistance or equitable principles to resolve the dispute are discussed. Also, the possibility of Guyana and Venezuela entering into a joint unitisation agreement is examined.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.sta.uwi.edu/ojs/index.php/iir/article/view/445/392</text>
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                <text>Caribbean Journal of International Relations and Diplomacy; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2014)</text>
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                <text>Legal Reflections on the Guyana- Venezuela Maritime Issue</text>
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