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                <text>Podhrázský, Štěpán</text>
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                <text>Daněk, Petr</text>
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                <text>De facto states have moved from a periphery to the center of academicattention during the last two decades. The objective of the paper is anidentification of characteristic development trends within a set of thesenon-state territorial political units, and it investigates the relation betweenthe degree of their internal sovereignty and their level of partialinternational recognition. The quantitative method for assessment of thedegree of internal sovereignty is based on a set of seven indicators and anaggregate “indicator of internal sovereignty”. The set of de facto states iscomposed of 26 entities whose development is analyzed from 2001 to 2018.The results confirmed a relationship between the development of worldpolitics and the development trends within the set of de facto states, asignificant influence of partial international recognition on the level ofinternal sovereignty, and a close relation between security and politicalindicators of sovereignty.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 3 (2020); 5-30</text>
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                <text>Unrecognised states</text>
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                <text>Perennially Perishable? Development Trends in the Set of De Facto States</text>
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                <text>The article examines the processes of memory securitization in the RussianFederation and Latvia during the coronavirus crisis. The key factor thatallowed the authors to make such a statement about the problem was thetemporary coincidence of the pandemic with the 75th anniversary of thefinal defeat of Nazi Germany and the so-called Victory Day. As a theoreticalbasis for the study, we use the constructivist understanding of security inorder to study, with specific examples, how the threat in the form of apandemic became a frame for securitization of memory. The authorsidentify the peculiarities of the articulating of security problems by politicalelites in two states with different memory regimes framed by the pandemicas an external factor.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 94-116</text>
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                <text>Securitization</text>
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                <text>Securitization of Memory in the Pandemic Period:  The Case of Russia and Latvia</text>
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                <text>Hybrid regimes have been largely overlooked in the scholarly discussion onthe effectiveness of halting the new COVID-19 virus, not least due to thelack of conceptual clarity, as such regimes are considered as the halfway or“grey area” on the authoritarianism-to-democracy path. Hence, the presentpaper aims to contribute to the pool of research on the internal dynamicsof hybridity through exploring the responses towards the pandemic by twostable post-Soviet hybrid regimes, namely Georgia and Ukraine. The “mostsimilar systems” comparative research design allows us to demonstratethat the two countries’ di!erent crisis management and communicationstrategies explain Georgia’s relative success in halting the virus spread incomparison to Ukraine throughout the first wave. The application of HenryHale’s “single-pyramid” and “competitive pyramid” models of patronalpolitics highlights the lack of competitiveness in the formal and informalgovernance processes in Georgia’s case, as opposed to the chaotic mode ofdecision-making as well as plurality of informal actors in Ukraine’s case.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 72-93</text>
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                <text>Hybrid Regimes’ Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: “The First Wave” Evidence from Ukraine and Georgia</text>
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                <text>The pandemic caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus has provided a pretext formany countries of the world to extend executive powers, and their digitalsurveillance capacities in particular. Aiming to identify how differentregimes frame digital surveillance, this paper employs qualitative contentanalysis to compare the government framing of digital surveillance in India,Israel and Singapore. Although due to their different working dynamics,one would expect democracies and autocracies to frame digital surveillancein di!erent ways, our findings reveal an overlap between liberal and illiberalrhetoric across the cases and point to unexplored illiberal peculiaritieswithin the category of ‘democratic backsliders.’ We conclude by cautiouslyspeculating how heightened extents of digital surveillance and trackingmay become the new normal across regime types, and how governmentsmight exploit and recycle these same frames to justify digital surveillanceafter the COVID-19 crisis is over.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 48-71</text>
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                <text>Framing the Pandemic and the Rise of the Digital Surveillance State</text>
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                <text>In this article, we discuss the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic as abiopolitical challenge that – along the lines of the contemporary academicdebate on biopower – may be approached through the concepts ofsovereignty and governmentality. Within this general framework, theauthors look at the challenges Russia faces due to the corona crisis fromthe viewpoint of domestic transformations within the ruling regime, mainlyfocusing on center – periphery relations as a core element of the powerstructure in Russia that demands a stronger emphasis on governmentality.We outline several forms of regions’ distancing from the federal center:digital empowerment, the resistance of the North, and the demand for"people’s governors". Our main conclusion is that the relative administrativeautonomy obtained by the regions reflects the ongoing process ofdecentralization of the Russian political system which will affect thestructural characteristics of Russian federalism in the future.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 31-47</text>
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                <text>COVID-19</text>
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                <text>centre-region relations</text>
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                <text>The COVID Biopolitics in Russia: Putin’s Sovereignty versus Regional Governmentality</text>
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                <text>This article examines Judith Butler’s concepts of vulnerability andgrievability in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and biopowerpractices introduced in the name of the protection of the people. Ananalysis of the elite political discourse in Czechia, Germany, Great Britain,and Slovakia in the first three months of the pandemic explores howvulnerability was constructed and distributed among the respectivepopulations. We identified two prevailing discursive frames – science andsecurity. Within the first, vulnerability was constructed in terms of biologicalcharacteristics, rendering elderly, disabled, and chronically ill bodies asalready lost and ungrievable. Within the security frame, Roma or migrantpopulations’ vulnerability to the virus has been discursively shifted intobeing seen as a threat, while vulnerability itself was recognized more as afeature of institutions or society. Thus, despite the claims that ‘we are all inthis together’, the pandemic has exposed how our vulnerability andinterdependency are embedded within existing social structures.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 11-30</text>
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                <text>What Makes Life Grievable? Discursive Distribution of Vulnerability in the Pandemic</text>
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                <text>Representative democracy is beset by a crisis of legitimacy across the world,but in Europe this crisis is compounded by the inadequacy of nationalgovernments to address citizens’ frustrations and to achieve transnationalunity on common issues. How representative are national parliaments intheir decision-making on EU matters? This volume investigates therelationship between the democratic institutions of the member states andthose of the EU. With a focus on polity rather than policy, it looks at votingand decision-shaping mechanisms in selected member states, in particularthe ‘Europeanisation’ of representative democracy at national level. It alsoassesses the state of parliamentary democracy at the EU level. Expertanalysts share their insights into the changing nature of our political eco-systems and the (dis)connections within and between them.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 131-137</text>
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                <text>Meet the world's most dangerous man. Or is he? Who is the real VladimirPutin? What does he want? And what will he do next? Despite the millions ofwords written on Putin's Russia, the West still fails to truly understand oneof the world's most powerful politicians, whose influence spans the globeand whose networks of power reach into the very heart of our daily lives. Inthis essential primer, Professor Mark Galeotti uncovers the man behind themyth, addressing the key misperceptions of Putin and explaining how wecan decipher his motivations and next moves. From Putin’s early life in theKGB and his real relationship with the USA to his vision for the future ofRussia – and the world – Galeotti draws on new Russian sources andexplosive unpublished accounts to give unparalleled insight into the man atthe heart of global politics.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 125-129</text>
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                <text>The book reconstructs how the normative yardsticks that underpinevaluations of international organizations have changed since 1970. Basedon in-depth case studies of normative change in five internationalorganizations over a period of five decades, the authors argue that, thesedays, international organizations confront a longer and moreheterogeneous list of normative expectations than in previous periods. Twochanges are particularly noteworthy. First, international organizations needto demonstrate not only what they do for their member states, but also forthe individuals in member states. Second, while international organizationscontinue to be evaluated in terms of what they achieve, they areincreasingly also measured by how they operate. As the case studies reveal,the more pluralist patchwork of legitimacy principles today’s internationalorganizations confront has multiple origins. It includes the politicization ofexpanding international authority, but also a range of other driving forcessuch as individual leadership or normative path dependence. Despitevariation in the sources, however, the consequences of the normative shiftare similar. Notably, a longer and more heterogenous list of normativeexpectations renders the legitimation of international organizations morecomplex. Strikingly, then, at a time when many feel internationalcooperation is needed more than ever, legitimating the forms in which suchcooperation takes place has become most difficult. Internationalorganizations have come under pressure.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 117-123</text>
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                <text>Are United Nations peacekeeping missions effective at reducing violence incivil wars? Although UN peacekeeping is a notable intervention tool, theinternational community lacks systematic knowledge of how well itmitigates civil war violence. Given that UN peacekeeping is increasinglyused in the midst of war, this is a significant research gap with direct policyrelevance. This book systematically explores if and how the capacity andconstitution of UN peacekeeping missions a!ect the amount of violence incivil conflicts. It argues that peacekeeping e!ectiveness needs to beassessed in relative terms, theorizing that more robust missions areincreasingly capable of addressing combatant incentives for employingviolence. The authors conduct large-n analyses of the number ofcombatants and civilians killed during each month for all civil wars globallyfrom 1992 to 2014, measuring the capacity and constitution of UN missionswith unique data on the number and type of peacekeeping personneldeployed. The analyses reveal that increasing UN military troop and policepersonnel deployed to a conflict significantly reduces violence againstcivilians, and increasing UN military troop personnel significantly mitigatesbattle-related violence. By contrast, smaller missions and missionscomposed of observers are not associated with reduced violence. The bookcomplements the large-n analyses with qualitative explorations ofpeacekeeping mechanisms on violence in Côte d’Ivoire and the DemocraticRepublic of Congo. The authors conclude that while peacekeeping is notwithout detriments, it is an effective tool of violence reduction.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 56 No. 1 (2021); 109-115</text>
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