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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 120-128</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 113-119</text>
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                <text>This paper asks why the National Army Civil War dead are not commemorated in Ireland. Identifying a distinct gap in the literature regarding the Irish Civil War in general and the commemoration of the National Army war dead in particular, the research tackles some key assumptions regarding commemoration in Ireland, challenging in particular the assertion that historic amnesia towards military service in Ireland pertains to the British Army alone.
At national level, the commemorative ceremonies for the Irish State’s own war dead reflect ambivalence about asserting the State’s origins, but also highlight a tension between the different traditions in Ireland. Approaching the problem through examination of both commemorative ceremonial and some of the key surviving structures of monumental material culture in the Irish commemorative landscape, this paper finds that this ambivalence is significant, reflecting perhaps Ireland’s political and strategic culture. Ireland shares some similarities with the Spanish experience of its civil war, but differs substantially in how it has essentially avoided the issue. Drawing on themes such as inclusiveness, ‘good history’ and ethical remembering in commemoration, this study argues that there are inconsistencies in the Irish commemorative landscape which contradict the notion of real inclusiveness. The conclusion of this paper is, therefore, that in Ireland today, as for most of the twentieth century, the National Army soldiers who died fighting for the State are not appropriately commemorated, either by the State, or by the Defence Forces. Moreover, it would appear that the Defence Forces itself has never really developed its own internal culture of commemoration since, United Nations service aside, there is almost complete amnesia regarding its dead from the Civil War, from the Emergency period and from the Troubles.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 77-112</text>
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                <text>The article seeks to reassess certain key decisions by the leadership of the Greek Field Army of Asia Minor (FAAM) in connection with the battle of the Sakarya River (23 August to 14 September 1921), at which the FAAM reached the high water mark of its campaign against the Turkish Nationalist forces during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919 – 1922.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The article focuses on the Greek decisions (i) to exploit their victory at&amp;nbsp; Eskişehir in July 1921 by crossing the Sakarya river and attempting to capture the Nationalist capital of Ankara, (ii) to attack the Nationalist forces arrayed behind the Sakarya river by way of an envelopment of their southern flank rather than a direct assault and (iii) to abandon the offensive and withdraw on 11-13 September 1921.&amp;nbsp; The article argues that the historiography of the campaign, particularly in English, has tended to be overly critical of the first of the above decisions and insufficiently critical of the latter two.&amp;nbsp; It concludes that (i) there were compelling reasons for the FAAM to make a determined attempt to capture Ankara despite the challenges and risks of doing so, (ii) the plan of battle was overly complex and risky from a tactical and a logistical standpoint whilst a direct assault across the river might have been more effective and involved less risk, and (iii) the withdrawal may have been premature.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; While it has been argued that the Sakarya river campaign is a classic illustration of Clausewitz’s concept of a ‘culminating point’,&amp;nbsp; at which an offensive pushed too far yields the advantage to the defender, the article argues that it has just as much to teach about Clausewitz’s countervailing principle of ‘continuity’, which holds that an insufficiently aggressive follow up of an initial victory can lead to unnecessary defeat.
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 40-76</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Culminating Point</text>
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                <text>Greco-Turkish War</text>
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                <text>Principle of Continuity</text>
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                <text>Greek Decision-Making and the Battle of the Sakarya River, 1921: Towards a New Assessment?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>History shows us that success on the battlefield is not guaranteed to the side with the higher level of technological advancements. The competitive edge often resides with those who learn how to account for and integrate the required change that technology demands. This is more relevant now than ever before, given the nature of current global geo-political great power competitions. This study investigates how military leaders can manage technological changes within their organisations. Specifically, this research examines the utility of John Kotter’s Eight-Step change management theory as a potential framework. This research cross analyses a review of contemporary change literature with data from semi-structured questionnaires from current military leaders. Four main themes emerge from this primary research: 1.) Military change is constant and technology plays a vital part, 2.) Leaders influence organisational culture which impacts change, 3.) The military relies on a leader’s abilities and not a formalised process and 4.) Current military culture inhibits Kotter’s Eight-Step Model. The research findings further identify the potential positive implications for institutionalising formal change management training into professional military education to equip leadership with a roadmap to managing change and further enhancing current organisational culture.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.3.1.68</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55803">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 4-39</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Technology</text>
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                <text>Change Management</text>
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                <text>military</text>
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                <text>Technology and the Roadblock. When Change Meets Organisational Culture</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>This article examines the early voluntary turnover of enlisted personnel within the Irish Naval Service. The purpose of the study is to explore current challenges facing the organisation regarding the retention of young, recently enlisted personnel. The paper adopts a qualitative research design with an interpretivist approach and draws on semistructured interviews undertaken with key respondents from the Irish Naval Service. The article explores different models for understanding the turnover process and makes recommendations with relevance for current and future policy. Key findings include the urgent need for theIrish Naval Service to develop a retention strategy for young enlisted personnel, and also the need for recruits to be made aware of the realities of life at sea before joining and before they are posted to sea. The paper identifies that, without significant change, the Naval Service may face an ongoing crisis regarding the retention of enlisted personnel.</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.150</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 150-180</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Irish Naval Service</text>
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                <text>retention</text>
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                <text>All Vision, No Substance; are Unmet Expectations a Key Factor in the Voluntary Turnover and Discharge of Enlisted Personnel in the Naval Service?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>This article examines the question of how NATO employs instruments of power as it prepares for a possible defence against aggression from a potential adversary. It will attempt to answer this question by applying the various instruments of national power to form a qualitative assessment of the degree to which NATO exerts itself in these those power domains and how effectively these prepare NATO for conventional warfare. The article will consider how these instruments of national power, as represented by the ‘DIMEFIL’ acronym, can be applied and quantified as NATO’s own ‘supranational’ power parameters. Notwithstanding the obvious fact that NATO cannot be considered as a ‘national’ entity, nevertheless this article argues that such an analysis provides sufficient validity to produce observations and derive reliable conclusions. Whether such an analysis can shed light on NATO’s level of preparedness in fighting- and winning- a conventional European land conflict is the principal consideration of this article.</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.133</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 133-149</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>instruments of power</text>
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                <text>How Does NATO Apply Instruments of Power as it Prepares for the Possibility of Conventional Warfare Against a Peer Adversary? Applying a ‘DIMEFIL’ analysis.</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>The Irish Defence Forces is committed to increasing female participation to 12 per cent by 2023. However, numbers have never surpassed 8 per cent. Thisarticle aims to shine a light on a possible explanation or contributing factor of this by exploring the relationship between stereotypes, linguistic bias, andgender inequalities in the Irish Naval Service (NS). Building on Beukeboom and Burgers’ Social Categories and Stereotypes Communications (SCSC)framework, this study asks if gender stereotypes and gender biased language exist in the NS and, if so, how prevalent are they and what are theirconsequences on gender inequality in the organisation. This study highlights a reliance on gender roles within the NS which ascribe men a higher status than women and which view women as mothers. Consequently, women appear to be unfairly disadvantaged when it comes to career progression and advancement. The study also suggests that men are inclined to portray themselves in a more favourable light while also highlighting the negative behaviours of women. These findings support the notion that gender stereotypes and gender biased language are active in the NS and suggest a relationship between their use and gender inequalities in the NS. On this basis, it is recommended that NS adopts an integrated and continuous training programme that raises greater awareness of stereotypes, linguistic biases, and the negative consequences of their use. Further research is needed to identify further areas that stereotypes, and linguistic biases could be contributing to gender inequalities in the NS.</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.94</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55685">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55687">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 94-132</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Irish Naval Service</text>
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                <text>gender inequality</text>
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                <text>Do Words Really Never Harm Us? An Exploration of the Relationship between Stereotypes, Linguistic Bias and Gender Inequalities in the Irish Naval Service</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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            <element elementId="47">
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                <elementText elementTextId="56086">
                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55654">
                <text>McCorry, Niall</text>
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                <text>In spite of several high-profile cases of radicalisation in recent years, Ireland does not appear to have formulated a coherent response, unlike most other European countries. This paper aims to answer the central research question: how should the Irish state respond to the radicalisation of Irish citizens in support of Islamist terrorism? A review of the literature on radicalisation was conducted, based upon the models of radicalisation set forth by Wiktorowicz (2004) andPrecht (2007) which have identified possible indicators of radicalisation. As the literature on the subject is somewhat sparse relating to the Irish context, the counter-radicalisation strategies of the United Kingdom (UK) and Denmark were examined for international comparison. The study was carried out as a qualitative, phenomenological research project using mixed methods. Documentary analysis of relevant Irish, UK, and Danish government publications was followed by the conduct of semi-structured elite interviews. It is apparent that this country does not have a proactive approach to security issues in general, andradicalisation in particular. Interviewees were strong in their support for the adoption of more clearly defined measures to counter Islamist radicalisation specific to the context in this country, though there is no clear consensus on the best path forward. The complex individual nature of the radicalisation process, and the impact of external influences, were recognised as key considerations. The need for widespread consultation, at the expert level, on the crafting of thestate’s response was also emphasised, given the risks involved in a poorly conceptualised approach. Community cohesion emerged as an important topic, and may form the basis for an effective response, along with training for appropriate professionals and sensitisation of the population to the dangers of the issue.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/48</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.60</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
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              <elementText elementTextId="55663">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55665">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 60-93</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55666">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Ireland</text>
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                <text>radicalisation</text>
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                <text>Islamic terrorism</text>
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                <text>Irish defence policy</text>
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                <text>terrorism</text>
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                <text>How Should the Irish State Respond to the Radicalisation of Irish Citizens in Support of Islamist Terrorism?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="56086">
                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Gorey, Conor</text>
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                <text>This article examines the ability of the Irish Defence Forces (DF) Cadet School to produce officers of character and competence. Character is central to the military leader; it is a requirement of mission command and it is a force multiplier in Peace Support Operations that the DF are engaged in. The article examines the literature surrounding character development and the structures in place in the Cadet School and the wider DF to support character development. This is compared to academic theories and international practices in other military academies. The article identifies the current processes, as they are understood by those who have instructed in the Cadet School and those who have recently passed through the training program. The article outlines how the processes in the Cadet School do develop character, primarily through the actions of the instructors but this is not supported by an explicit character development program. The article outlines a proposed framework for the development of a Character Education program encompassing existing structures, such as the Cadet SchoolEthos and the DF Values. This could be further used to operationalise the DF Values in action and enhance leader development across the DF.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/47</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.2.1.21</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="55641">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55642">
                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55643">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021): JMHDS Vol.2  No. 1  2021; 21-59</text>
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