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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Dorgan, James</text>
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                <text>This paper examines the development of British naval aviation in the period 1908 to 1914 in the light of modern theories of military innovation. The case is of particular interest because it took place in peacetime in a force which had enjoyed global supremacy for a century, strong contra-indications of the inclination and the capacity for organisational change.
The case study examines the development of British naval aviation along two dimensions of innovation: strategy and technology.&amp;nbsp; The analytical tools are the four schools of ‘Military Innovation Theory’ as identified by Grissom. The evidence is derived from the relatively limited body of secondary material and the archives of the Admiralty, the Air Ministry and the Cabinet. The evidence from these sources seems to indicate that what Grissom refers to as the ‘civil military’ theory is the most persuasive.&amp;nbsp; This theory was originated by Posen in 1984 and relies heavily on neo-realist approaches to international relations. It holds that while the default position of the military is conservative, the international environment generates challenges which prompt political leaders to insist the military respond.&amp;nbsp; The decisions of the Liberal Government, and especially of Churchill from 1911, seem to reflect this position.
The other theory which offers some purchase is the ‘cultural’ theory which Grissom associates with Theo Farrell. In this theory the behaviour of the military is determined by values and traditions.&amp;nbsp; In the case of the Royal Navy, the officer corps was technically oriented as a result of education and experience and this facilitated the development of naval aviation. The paper demonstrates that by itself, naval technical competence would not have brought the naval air service to the relatively high level it had attained by August 1914. That required the intervention of the civil authorities responding in the fashion prescribed by the&amp;nbsp; civil military theory.&amp;nbsp; Culture was facilitative but the neo-realist processes were determinative.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/10</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.1.1.10</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/10/12</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, January 2020</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>British</text>
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                <text>Naval Aviation</text>
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                <text>First World War</text>
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                <text>Royal Aircraft Factory</text>
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                <text>military innovation</text>
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                <text>British Naval Aviation 1908-1914: A Case Study of Military Innovation</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Galbraith, David</text>
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                <text>This article examines the little-known battles fought by German and Soviet forces over the Kuban bridgehead on the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea from January to October 1943. The bridgehead formed when the German Seventeenth Army withdrew into the Taman Peninsula as Army Group A retreated from the Caucasus in the wake of the defeat at Stalingrad. Seventeenth Army held the position through the spring, summer and autumn of 1943, before withdrawing to the Crimea. The campaign can be viewed as an interesting microcosm of the entire German-Soviet war. Many of the events and trends of the wider war can be seen at a smaller scale in the Kuban: the seemingly unstoppable German advance that was halted against the odds in a shattered industrial area, and the gradual and often unsteady transformation of the Red Army from the chaos and catastrophe of the early period of the war to a skilfully led and professional fighting force, in parallel with the Wehrmacht’s gradual but inexorable decline in both quantitative and qualitative terms. The entire rationale for holding the bridgehead is an early example of Hitler’s inflexible and unrealistic strategic vision as the tide of war turned, and the campaign fell under post-war rewriting of history by the Soviet leadership to overstate the contributions of senior political figures and erase mistakes and defeats from the record. The campaign has been largely overlooked in the published English language history of the war. This article addresses that lack of attention, providing a detailed exploration of the campaign based on German and Russian sources to offer new insight and understanding of a rarely analysed part of the war.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/9</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.1.1.9</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/9/11</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55238">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55240">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, January 2020</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55241">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>German Soviet War</text>
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                <text>Eastern Front</text>
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                <text>Kuban Peninsula</text>
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                <text>Crimea</text>
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                <text>Caucasus</text>
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                <text>1943</text>
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                <text>The Defence and Evacuation of the Kuban Bridgehead, January -October 1943: examining a forgotten campaign in the German-Soviet War</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="56086">
                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Carroll, Jonathan</text>
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                <text>In 2013 the Irish Defence Forces went under significant reorganisation. Part of this organisation entailed integrating the Irish Army Reserve into the Defence Forces, as part of the ‘Single Force Concept’. Ostensibly, the Single Force Concept sought to provide a more reliable, fit for purpose, reserve force. However, this article argues that the concept has failed and that the Army Reserve is almost unusable. The article evaluates each service corps and provides an analysis of Reserve capabilities.&amp;nbsp; This shows that the training of the force is suboptimal for augmenting the regular army in an emergency, and that a gap exists between what government policy wants the Reserve to do, and what it is actually capable of doing. This has resulted in an unusable reserve force with questionable utility. This article also highlights the difficulty of establishing the qualitative strength of the Army Reserve in the absence of appropriate means of defining what is meant by an ‘effective’ reservist, and explores the detrimental consequences of paltry financial investment in sustaining, developing, or enabling the Reserve as an effective force. It argues that the Single Force Concept has failed because it did not remedy the fundamental pre-existing flaws that plagued the various iterations of the Irish reserve land component prior to 2013, nor did it attempt to bring the Army Reserve into line with international best practice regarding reserve forces. The article concludes by arguing that the current Irish reserve model is unsustainable, and that fundamental changes are required in order to make the force usable to the State, and to prevent it from collapsing altogether.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/8</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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            <elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, January 2020</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Ireland</text>
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                <text>Irish Defence Forces</text>
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                <text>Conceptually Ambitious, Hardly Novel, and Currently Failing: The Irish Army Reserve in the Single Force Concept.</text>
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                <text>India and China share a complex bilateral relationship, consisting of military confrontations, diplomatic dialogues, and intense economic activities, concurrent with multilateral engagements. Their growth prospects and future visions set them on a path of intense competition. Also, China’s consistent growth to become a major player in the global arena poses many strategic challenges to India’s growth story.
The foremost challenge is that China poses a direct military threat to India, due to its rapidly modernising military forces, as well as thebloody history of India-China territorial disputes. Second, China’s burgeoning economic muscle affords it the luxury of shaping worldopinion in its favour and to India’s detriment. This factor is compounded by China’s influence on international bodies like the UN and financial institutions like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), which may impinge on India’s national interests. Coupled with this is the consistently expanding Chinese influence in South Asia, directly challenging India’s dominant position in the region.This commentary examines the challenges that India faces from China and further evaluates possible strategic options for India.</text>
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