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                  <text>International Journal of China Studies</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>KONWER, Shubhrajeet</text>
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                <text>In the backdrop of the Covid-19 pandemic, the clash in the Galwan Valley (June 15, 2020) between the Chinese and Indian troops, that killed twenty Indian soldiers, is undoubtedly a watershed moment in India-China relations. While both the Asian giants seek to avoid war, India and China have sharpened the political rhetoric; meanwhile, troops from both sides continue to be amassed along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). The process of disengagement of troops and de-escalation of tensions have worked, albeit limitedly. Furthermore, the growing support of China to Taliban controlled Afghanistan (August 2021), will impact the course of Sino-India relations. The current stand-off betweenIndia and China marks the beginning of a new phase of relations where its repercussions will be felt in their immediate periphery and beyond. This article focuses on the strategic options for India. The transgression of China across the LAC will continue to cast its shadow over the relations between the two Asian giants. The earlier “spirit” and “connect” between the two nations stand broken and mending the same will test the institutions and leadership of both the countries.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36510</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36510/14480</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 271-293</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Line of Actual Control</text>
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                <text>Skirmishes along the Sino-Indian Border – Strategic Options for India</text>
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                <text>CHEN, Chien-Kai</text>
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                <text>This paper discusses the impacts of the “rise of China” on European integration. Challenges facing European integration are now among the most important issues followed closely by those who are interested in the development of the European Union. This paper, regarding European integration as a process in which a European “international society” emerges and then evolves, proposes an analytical framework to analyze the rise of China as both a centripetal force for and a centrifugal force against European integration by examining how common interests and conflicts of interests among European countries over such controversial issues as human rights in China, arms embargo against China, and increasing Chinese investment in Europe would affect European countries’ efforts to turn Europe into a highly integrated international society.As this paper demonstrates, whether and how either of the two forces for and against European integration will become stronger than the other would determine the direction where European integration might move and therefore is worth more examination in future research.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36506</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36506/14478</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 245-270</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Rise of China</text>
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                <text>European Union</text>
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                <text>The Rise of China in Europe: A Challenge to Integration?</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>MATAMBO, Emmanuel</text>
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                <text>ONWUEGBUCHULAM, Sunday Paul C.</text>
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                <text>Recent occasional attacks on Chinese entrepreneurs in Zambia, supposedly on grounds that they are expropriating socio-economic opportunities for Zambians, deserve a fresh interrogation of Zambia–China relations. Labourrelated tensions between Chinese employers and their Zambian employees have also ignited violence between the two parties. Opportunistic Zambian politicians have used these tensions to sponsor the narrative that China in general has malevolent designs over Zambia. Due to increasing external debt and general economic difficulties during the tenure of Zambia’s PatrioticFront (PF) government, from 2011 to 2021, desperate Zambians took their frustration out on the increasing numbers of Chinese entrepreneurs who are considered harbingers of Zambia’s external debt crisis and usurpers of Zambia’s sovereignty. Using constructivism as the theoretical framework, the research found that Zambia–China relations are no longer driven by ethical moorings that were typical of the colonial and Cold War eras. Secondly, that China’s identity in Zambia has assumed an ominous dimension with theincreasing number of Chinese migrants whose conduct is at variance with the image that the Chinese government strives to present. Third, that the ineffective governance of the PF leadership threatened to force the country to default on the debt it owes to China and this could have led to China limiting the room for manoeuvre on the part of the Zambian government, thereby justifying the arguments of those who opine that China aims to take over Africa even though ineffective African governments are culpable.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36505</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36505/14479</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 223-243</text>
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                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>China</text>
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                <text>identity</text>
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                <text>Friend or Would-be Coloniser? A Constructivist Appraisal of Zambia–China Relations in the Light of Anti-Chinese Sentiments in Zambia</text>
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                  <text>The University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur</text>
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                <text>KUIK, Cheng-Chwee</text>
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                <text>LAI, Yew Meng</text>
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                <text>ABDULLAH, Amy Azuan</text>
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                <text>Pulau Layang-Layang (Swallow Reef) is central to Malaysia’s South China Sea policy. First, the “island” is the first of five features in the South China Sea occupied by Malaysia. Second, since 1983, by exercising exclusive and effective control over Layang Layang, Malaysia has displayed its sovereignty and jurisdiction over the area. Third, with a Malaysian naval station and airstrip, Layang-Layang is Malaysia’s most valuable strategic asset in the South China Sea. Drawing on archival materials and open sources, this paper traces Malaysia’s policy actions vis-à-vis Pulau Layang-Layang, before unpacking the features and factors underpinning the smaller state’s multipronged approaches towards the South China Sea disputes. We argue that Malaysia’s policies regarding Pulau Layang-Layang and the broader South China Sea issue have been and will continue to be driven by small-state pragmatism to balance national sovereignty and geopolitical reality amid the growing U.S.–China rivalry.</text>
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                <text>https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/IJCS/article/view/36495</text>
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                <text>Institute of China Studies, Universiti Malaya</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES</text>
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                <text>INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHINA STUDIES; International Journal of China Studies Vol.12 No.2 December 2021; 189-222</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56101">
                <text>2180-3250</text>
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                <text>Malaysia</text>
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                <text>South China Sea</text>
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                <text>Pulau Layang-Layang</text>
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                <text>Sovereignty</text>
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                <text>China</text>
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                <text>Pulau Layang-Layang in Malaysia’s South China Sea Policy: Sovereignty Meets Geopolitical Reality amid China–U.S. Rivalry</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>The Leuna chemical plant in Eastern Germany was initially developed during the First World War to produce artificial nitrogen for use in explosives. The world’s first production of synthetic fuel from brown coal commenced at Leuna in 1927. From 1933 the Nazi government began to prepare for war and heavily expanded the Leuna complex to ensure that Germany had sufficient resources of fuel, nitrogen and rubber to support short campaigns. The synthetic fuel production technology developed in Leuna was also transferred to thirteen other sites in Greater Germany.
&amp;nbsp;
Commencing on 12 May 1944 the USAAF, and later the RAF, undertook a sustained bombing campaign against Leuna and the other synthetic fuel plants. However, due to the critical importance of Leuna to the war effort, the German state devoted significant resources to the defence of the plant, and to its repair and the maintenance of production. The USAAF and RAF attacked Leuna on 21 subsequent occasions until production finally ceased in March 1945. This sustained bombing ultimately overcame the Leuna workforce’s ability to repair the utilities but did not seriously damage the core production equipment. This paper uses German, American and British archival sources to explore in detail the nature and impact of the air campaign against Leuna and to examine and explain the ways in which the Germans sought, with some success, to keep the plant operational. In addressing the bombing campaign from an alternative perspective, primarily from the ground looking up, the paper offers new insight into a topic most commonly viewed from the perspective of the Allied forces.</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.83</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56053">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56055">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 115-160</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56056">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Strategic Bombing</text>
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                <text>Synthetic fuel</text>
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                <text>Leuna</text>
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                <text>Strategic Bombing Survey</text>
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                <text>The United States Army Air Force Bombing Campaign Against the Leuna Synthetic Fuel Plant in 1944-45 and the German Response.</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>McGourty, Séan</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read
Séan McGourty discusses "Is it useful for military officers to study military history?".</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/82</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.82</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56034">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56036">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 161-167</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Military History</text>
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                <text>Professional Military Education</text>
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                <text>Is it Useful for Military Officers to Study Military History?</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>This paper aims to answer the primary research question: Is just culture compatible with Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine (DFLD)? Current DFLD provides an organisational framework intended to embed the cultural values, attributes, skills, and actions that contribute to leadership development, throughout all Defence Forces (DF) services. Unique within DFLD, the Irish Air Corps (IAC) advocate the practice of ‘just culture’ which centres around principles designed to create an environment of trust and accountability. Subsequently, these contribute to organisational learning and improvement as a consequence of addressing safety related systems failures while adopting a culpability mindset. If DF strategic leadership intend to advocate and foster cultural change throughout the organisation there must first be an acknowledgement that change takes time. The DF faces two challenges in introducing cultural change, firstly identifying organisational barriers to change, secondly how to overcome them.
This paper argues that if the DF seeks to foster a culture that sets the conditions for honest disclosure it must embrace collective learning as a consequence of mistakes. Significantly, &amp;nbsp;research revealed that there is a desire among organisational leadership to address this cultural void through the introduction of a parallel reporting system which is voluntary, nonpunitive and protected throughout the DF. Essentially, the adoption of just culture can only be validated if there is organisational buy in which is dependent on a cycle of trust and its advocacy by leadership emanating from within leadership doctrine.</text>
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                <text>http://ojs.maynoothuniversity.ie/ojs/index.php/jmhds/article/view/81</text>
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                <text>10.33232/JMHDS.4.1.81</text>
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                <text>Maynooth Academic Publishing</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="56012">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 79-115</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Irish Defence Forces</text>
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                <text>Leadership</text>
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                <text>Leadership Doctrine</text>
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                <text>Just Culture</text>
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                <text>accountability</text>
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                <text>Is Just Culture Compatible With Irish Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine?</text>
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                <text>Throughout the last two decades the primary threats that has dominated the counter terrorism landscape internationally has been that of the challenge posed by radical Islamist related extremism. A particular focus on radical Islamist related extremism has been driven by the significant directed or inspired attacks perpetrated in the West by various Islamist extremist groupings and in particular those carried out by Al Qaeda and ISIL. Notwithstanding this, considerable concern is now orientating towards the upward trajectory of violent right-wing extremism (VRWE). This paper sets out to examine the presence and impact of transnational VRWE in Ireland and to assess whether VRWE is a threat which requires greater attention at a national level.
This paper argues that all though the right wing has had limited political success in Ireland, a nascent transnational threat from VRWE can pose a threat to Irish security owing to its capacity to activate and mobilise violent&amp;nbsp; political and social actions both in the physical and virtual environments. The role of the online environment as an enabling medium for the propagation and influence of right wing discourse is also a concern. Although efforts to combat spread of VRWE ideologies are advancing at the EU level, further efforts at a national level to control and regulate violent discourse and hate speech&amp;nbsp; online are necessary to stem the influence of hateful and sometimes violent discourse as portrayed by right wing entities.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2023 Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 40-78</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Right wing extremism</text>
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                <text>Ireland and Transnational Right-Wing Extremism: Steadfast Resilience or Blind Vulnerability?</text>
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                <text>Josep Borrell, Vice President of the European Commission, set out his fears that the EU was at risk of being “always principled but seldom relevant” (2021, p. 2). International law could be said to be similarly threatened, particularly in relation to cyberoperations, in respect of which its application has been strongly challenged. While states now broadly agree that international law applies in cyberspace, how it applies remains uncertain and contested. This paper analyses why the application of international law to cyberspace has been so fraught with difficulties and considers whether international law can provide the Irish State with a means of enhancing its cybersecurity and deterring state-led cyberoperations below the threshold of armed conflict.
The paper finds that the application of international law in cyberspace is problematic due to the manifestation of cyberoperations below the jus ad bellum threshold, and the challenging geopolitical environment that inhibits agreement on the principles of the international law of cyberoperations. International law is an object of dispute (Delerue, Douzet, &amp;amp; Gery, 2020, p. 15) and arguments on the application of international law in cyberspace represent states’ strategic positions in the evolving geopolitical power struggle. The paper finds that, as cyberoperations are transnational, unilateral responses cannot be effective, and that small states have an interest in promoting international law and norms to create a more favourable international environment. The paper concludes that, as international law continues to exert a normative force on state behaviour, it has the potential to regulate sub-threshold cyberoperations as part of the comprehensive approach to cybersecurity.</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55945">
                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 4-39</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55946">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>cyberspace</text>
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                <text>International Law and the Regulation of Cyberoperations Below the Jus Ad Bellum Threshold.  An Irish Cybersecurity Perspective</text>
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                <text>10 minute read: Killing with Kindness. Military Strategy and the role of Ethics and Public Opinion.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 3 No. 1 (2022): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 120-128</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="55890">
                <text>2712-0171</text>
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