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                  <text>The University of the West Indies, St Augustine. </text>
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                <text>This article examines how narcotics came to be at the centre of US Foreign Policy in Latin America as of the latter half of the 20th Century. The central role of narcotics, referred to as narcotisation, is evident in the case study of US-Colombia relations. It is argued that through the securitization of narcotics, the US adopted a national security stance and sought to impose its supply side policies through coercive diplomacy and militaristic means. The article critically examines this realist approach coupled with the market-based logic of supply and demand, and highlights fundamental flaws which caused more debilitating effects than positive results in drug supply reduction. Despite the mobilization of considerable resources, the policies are largely ineffective, and US-Colombia relations continue to be narcotized.</text>
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                <text>Josep Borrell, Vice President of the European Commission, set out his fears that the EU was at risk of being “always principled but seldom relevant” (2021, p. 2). International law could be said to be similarly threatened, particularly in relation to cyberoperations, in respect of which its application has been strongly challenged. While states now broadly agree that international law applies in cyberspace, how it applies remains uncertain and contested. This paper analyses why the application of international law to cyberspace has been so fraught with difficulties and considers whether international law can provide the Irish State with a means of enhancing its cybersecurity and deterring state-led cyberoperations below the threshold of armed conflict.
The paper finds that the application of international law in cyberspace is problematic due to the manifestation of cyberoperations below the jus ad bellum threshold, and the challenging geopolitical environment that inhibits agreement on the principles of the international law of cyberoperations. International law is an object of dispute (Delerue, Douzet, &amp;amp; Gery, 2020, p. 15) and arguments on the application of international law in cyberspace represent states’ strategic positions in the evolving geopolitical power struggle. The paper finds that, as cyberoperations are transnational, unilateral responses cannot be effective, and that small states have an interest in promoting international law and norms to create a more favourable international environment. The paper concludes that, as international law continues to exert a normative force on state behaviour, it has the potential to regulate sub-threshold cyberoperations as part of the comprehensive approach to cybersecurity.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 4-39</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>International Law and the Regulation of Cyberoperations Below the Jus Ad Bellum Threshold.  An Irish Cybersecurity Perspective</text>
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                <text>Uruguay has ratified the international drug control conventions that consist of Single Convention on narcotic drugs 1961 as amended 1972 protocol, the convention on psychotropic substance 1971, and United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1988. Since then, the Uruguayan government has been a part of the ‘War on Drugs" campaign. In 2012, Jose Mujica proposed the policy of cannabis legalisation. The proposal was signed and passed into Uruguay law no 19172 that allow and regulate the plant, consumption and sale of cannabis on December 20th, 2013. This policy has violated international drug control conventions and received critics from the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), the body of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Despite the critics from INCB, the government stood against the norm of the treaty. This article analyses the causative factors that trigger this behavioural change. The increasing number of drugs users caused many problems in Uruguay especially the increasing numbers of criminal acts. It created national problems and hampering the government's efforts to fight drug trafficking and ensuring the safety of society. By all mean, it became threats to their national interest. Thus, the government believed that compliance with the conventions could not help them to overcome these threats. Uruguay case has shown that state behaviour towards international law will change along its changing national interest.</text>
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                <text>The study investigates the difference in the Locus of Control and Resilience with respect to different levels of Internet Addiction as well as their impact on Internet Addiction among emerging adults. It assesses Internet Addiction levels, investigates the association between Internet Addiction, Locus of Control and Resilience and analyses gender difference. Internet Addiction Test by Young, Locus of Control (LOC-Scale) Scale developed by Rotter (1966) and The Brief Resilience Scale were used. Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis was used to evaluate the association between Internet Addiction, Locus of Control and Resilience. An independent t-test was used to test whether there is a statistical difference between gender and internet addiction at different levels. One-way ANOVA was used to investigate the gender difference in Internet Addiction, Locus of Control and Resilience respectively. The research findings show that there is a significant relationship between Internet Addiction, Locus of Control and Resilience as well as significant gender difference in Internet Addiction. A significant difference in Resilience among the different levels of Internet Addiction was also found in the study.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.christuniversity.in/index.php/artha/article/view/2566</text>
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                <text>Artha Journal of Social Sciences; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2020): Artha Journal of Social Sciences; 27 - 45</text>
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                  <text>School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India</text>
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                <text>A cashless economy is one in which all the transactions are performed using cards or by digital means. In India demonetization of currencies, digitalized (cashless) transactions are promoted in order to give a fillip to a cashless economy. Bank connectivity is a must for digital transactions. Strict enforcement of digital transactions will rapid the process to ensure financial inclusion in a time bound manner. Rush to the cashless economy or digital money system has its merits and certain demerits if you are not alert. One of the most important aspects is that it will pave the way for universal use of banking services. It will minimize the use of physical currency in circulation. Lower liquidity in cash supply may force the parallel economy to become limited in size. Real estate, fake currency, drug smuggling are going to be reduced considerably. The most important question is how to make a smooth transition so that financial inclusion is more efficient and in all segments of the economy. This paper analyses the penetration of the internet, internet and digital payment market, explore the possibility of going cashless with financial inclusion in India.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3874041</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2019 Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, India</text>
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                <text>Liberal Studies; Vol. 4 No. 2 (2019): July-December 2019; 209-217</text>
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                <text>Perception of Corruption</text>
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                <text>The Internet has the potential to play a key role in the way civil society organizations promote the rule of law in transitional states.  In many states several barriers stand in the way of utilizing the Internet for this purpose.  Challenges that arise include technological deficits and poor infrastructure, socio-economic barriers, government hostility to open information, and civil society organizations unable to reach populations.  With the development of new technologies, and increased openness of information, civil society organizations will be better positioned to embrace the use of the Internet to promote the rule of law by helping citizens receive information, and facilitating communication between citizens and government.</text>
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                <text>Journal of Open Access to Law; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013)</text>
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                <text>2372-7152</text>
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                <text>Rule of Law</text>
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                <text>Internet Enhancement of the Role of Civil Society in Promoting the Rule of Law in Transitional States</text>
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                <text>Cavus, Nadire</text>
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                <text>Ibrahim, Imran</text>
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                <text>Reeves, Albert Y.</text>
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                <text>A smart campus is an emerging trend that will revolutionize the education system by enabling universities to improve services, and processes as well as achieve sustainability goals. With the proliferation of advanced technologies, a smart campus has emerged as an important concept that integrates technology into higher education. A smart campus takes advantage of IoT technologies to facilitate teaching and research activities. The purpose of this study is to identify the IoT technologies that are required in the development of a smart campus. This study uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology and PRISMA processes to analyze high-quality articles on the IoT-based smart campuses from the last five years (2017-2022) as extracted from three databases like Scopus, ScienceDirect, and IEEE. The findings of the study reveal that the implementation of an IoT-based smart campus offers many advantages and benefits but also presents challenges requiring further exploration. Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. The paper explores the many benefits and advantages that are brought by the implementation of IoT-based smart campuses. It also identifies key challenges that are presented by such implementations. Researchers, policymakers, teachers, and students can benefit from this study by gaining insights into the IoT-based smart campus.
Keywords—smart campus, smart university, Internet of Things, IoT applications, big data</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2022 Nadire Cavus, Seipati Elizabeth Mrwebi , Imran Ibrahim, Temiloluwa Modupeola, Albert Y. Reeves</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 16 No. 23 (2022); pp. 17-35</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Internet of Things and Its Applications to Smart Campus: A Systematic Literature Review</text>
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