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                  <text>PPR has ceased publication with the ULS. Editions including and prior to the fall 2017 edition will remain archived with the ULS. For information concerning future issues including the submission of potential articles for new issues, please email pittpoliticalreview@gmail.com.</text>
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                <text>The cost of college is remarkable. Shelling out thousands of dollars for some knowledge and a receipt claiming you paid is, in a few words, the modern American college system. Perhaps unsurprisingly, policies have been proposed to reduce the cost of college, even making it free in some instances. On Jan. 9, 2015 President Obama unveiled a plan to make “two years of community college free for responsible students across America.” Given the Republican control of Congress, the idea stands little chance of being passed, but it is still interesting to consider. Under the President’s plan, all Americans, regardless of income, would have access to two years of free community college education provided the student maintains a 2.5 GPA and part-time status. Though the benefits would be numerous, so would the costs. </text>
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                <text>Pitt Political Review; Vol 11, No 2 (2015); 57-65</text>
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                <text>Is Free Education Really Free?</text>
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                <text>The future battlefield is likely to be largely contactless where unmanned warfare, stand-off weapons, and cyber and clandestine operations will take precedence over tank vs. tank or hand-to-hand combat. Towards this effort, all major countries are creating assets and organizations to consolidate their space assets, galvanize capabilities in the cyber domain, provide a new edge to their special forces, and fine-tune their hybrid warfare options. However, an equally important focus has been on boosting missile inventories and redefining its employment philosophy. Over the years there has been an alarming proliferation of missiles all across the globe, as the technology to build them has become increasingly prosaic; today 31 countries are known to be in possession of ballistic missiles. It is not without a reason that Ian Williams, a fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) feels that “… we are entering an era of missile renaissance.” The missiles, today, are being increasingly envisioned for conventional use, leading to a serious rethinking of their employment.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2020): Summer 2020; 85-103</text>
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                <text>Ten Minute Read
Séan McGourty discusses "Is it useful for military officers to study military history?".</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 161-167</text>
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                <text>This paper aims to answer the primary research question: Is just culture compatible with Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine (DFLD)? Current DFLD provides an organisational framework intended to embed the cultural values, attributes, skills, and actions that contribute to leadership development, throughout all Defence Forces (DF) services. Unique within DFLD, the Irish Air Corps (IAC) advocate the practice of ‘just culture’ which centres around principles designed to create an environment of trust and accountability. Subsequently, these contribute to organisational learning and improvement as a consequence of addressing safety related systems failures while adopting a culpability mindset. If DF strategic leadership intend to advocate and foster cultural change throughout the organisation there must first be an acknowledgement that change takes time. The DF faces two challenges in introducing cultural change, firstly identifying organisational barriers to change, secondly how to overcome them.
This paper argues that if the DF seeks to foster a culture that sets the conditions for honest disclosure it must embrace collective learning as a consequence of mistakes. Significantly, &amp;nbsp;research revealed that there is a desire among organisational leadership to address this cultural void through the introduction of a parallel reporting system which is voluntary, nonpunitive and protected throughout the DF. Essentially, the adoption of just culture can only be validated if there is organisational buy in which is dependent on a cycle of trust and its advocacy by leadership emanating from within leadership doctrine.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 4 No. 1 (2023): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies; 79-115</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Is Just Culture Compatible With Irish Defence Forces Leadership Doctrine?</text>
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                <text>Sadomasochism has traditionally been categorised as a deviant sexual desire, painted with the same brush of immorality that was applied to homosexuality and transvestism for decades. It has been denounced, not only by society, but also by the medical profession and the judiciary. In R v Brown, the House of Lords highlighted society’s revulsion for such practices and refused, as an issue of public policy, to allow consent to be raised as a defence by those who engage in such activities. In the 22 years since the decision, however, the weight placed on the protection of our bodily autonomy and freedom of sexual expression has significantly increased. The applicability of R v Brown in light of these changes is yet to be considered in Australia with any binding authority. This article seeks to provide readers with an insight into the likely outcome of an attempt to prosecute those who, in 2015, engage in sadomasochism. Ultimately, this article concludes that as a result of s 22 of the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA), construed in light of the increased value placed on protecting bodily autonomy, sexual self-determination and the preservation of privacy, a South Australian court, and to a lesser extent, all Australian courts, would recognise the consent of those who sustain harm in the pursuit of pain-induced pleasure.</text>
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                <text>2206-1398</text>
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                <text>IS SOCIETY STILL SHACKLED WITH THE CHAINS  OF A 1993 ENGLAND?: CONSENT, SADO-MASOCHISM AND R V BROWN</text>
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                <text>This article examines the Irish Defence Forces’ (DF) approach to contemporary Civil Military Co-operation (CIMIC) operations in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), seeking to discover whether or not the DF is developing the necessary capability to meet the operational requirements of its UN CIMIC roles. The paper focuses on the manner in which the DF selects and trains personnel for this operational task, and the degree to which this enables the organisation to meet UN requirements. The article explores international military best practice relating to pre-deployment training and examines Irish policy and practice, presenting the results of interviews conducted with relevant Irish personnel. The research demonstrates that, while there is no doubt that the DF is meeting the operational requirements of its UN CIMIC tasks, this may be the result of its soldiers’ collective attitudes and behaviour rather than by design. This suggests that Irish soldiers make good peacekeepers, but that this may not be closely connected to any pre-deployment training relating to CIMIC.
Please note that the views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and should not be taken to represent the views of the Irish Defence Forces, the Command and Staff School or any other group or organisation.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, November 2020; 142-172</text>
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                <text>Is the Irish Defence Forces Developing the Necessary Capability to Meet the Operational Requirements of its UN CIMIC Roles? A Case Study of CIMIC Operations in Lebanon</text>
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eISSN 2788-2993</text>
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                <text>Štiblárová, Ľubica</text>
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                <text>This paper aims to empirically verify the possible existence of “a Chinese effect ”, that is, a substitution effect between the Chinese and the EU-15 investment in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region, which has been recently involved in the Belt and Road and 17+1 Initiatives. Such an effect can result from the strengthened political orientation of several CEE authoritarian populist and illiberal elites towards China, which can, in turn, discourage the EU-15 from investing in the CEE region. Despite intensified Sino-CEE political relations, the results of the analysis conducted on 15 CEE countries during 2010–2018 suggest that the Chinese FDI does not substitute for investment from the EU-15 market since the expectations regarding the FDI cooperation between China and the CEE region have not been met. Moreover, most of the Chinese investment has been made via mergers and acquisitions, and not via greenfield FDI, which may lead to exaggerations of the relatively weak Chinese influence in the CEE region.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 57 No. 2 (2022); 39-68</text>
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