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                  <text>PPR has ceased publication with the ULS. Editions including and prior to the fall 2017 edition will remain archived with the ULS. For information concerning future issues including the submission of potential articles for new issues, please email pittpoliticalreview@gmail.com.</text>
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                <text>Chidiac, Thomas Edward</text>
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                <text>An examination of the legal battle over Citizens United and its consequences for our electoral system.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2017 Thomas Edward Chidiac</text>
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                <text>Pitt Political Review; Vol 8, No 2 (2012); 13-17</text>
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                <text>Making a Beast With Green Backs: The Legal Battle Over Money in American Elections</text>
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                <text>Frost, Catherine</text>
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                <text>How do ‘we’ know our fellow citizens? This paper considers two processes where recognition occurs in the Canadian context: passports and naturalisation. Using document and policy analysis we argue there are two major forms of knowledge called upon to sort insiders from outsiders. Mechanical knowledge involves tests and evaluations driven by document-matching, biometrics and fact-checking exercises. Moral knowledge concerns the kind of lives we live among our peers and our intentions towards the political community. We note that in the Canadian case tensions exist between expectation and reality around citizen recognition. The state increasingly aspires to know the citizen through procedural checks or material observation yet encounters limitations that require some form of interpersonal knowledge rooted in human-to-human relationships. Drawing on these processes, in conclusion we suggest that how knowledge about citizenship is framed serves to sort outsiders from insiders, endorses specific behaviours over others, and empowers the state to redefine the meaning of citizenship.&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v11i1.257</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2017: RERA V11:1 Transatlantic Perspectives on Citizenship and Diversity: Changing Trends (backfile abstracts)</text>
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                <text>Making and authenticating the citizen: Naturalisation and passport application in Canada</text>
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                  <text>Institute of International Relations Prague, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic</text>
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                  <text>ISSN 2788-2985 &#13;
eISSN 2788-2993</text>
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                <text>Baun, Michael</text>
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                <text>This article examines the relaunch of European defense cooperation since2016 from the perspective of neoclassical realism, a theoretical approach tothe study of foreign policy which explores how domestic political andideational factors shape national foreign policy responses to internationalsystemic pressures. It argues that while Europe’s changing geostrategic andsecurity environment has created incentives for increased defensecooperation, explaining the form and content of this cooperation requiresunderstanding the preferences of key European states, especially Franceand Germany. The article focuses on two new forms of European defensecooperation: PESCO and the E21, the former inside the EU institutionalframework and the latter outside of it. The article argues that theseinitiatives are explained by the contrast between French and Germanpreferences on defense cooperation, which in turn reflect their divergentnational security priorities but also their different strategic cultures,including their differing perspectives on European integration.</text>
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                <text>https://cjir.iir.cz/index.php/cjir/article/view/110</text>
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                <text>Institute of International Relations Prague</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 54 No. 4 (2019); 27-46</text>
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                <text>European defense cooperation</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="73829">
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                <text>Making Europe Defend Again: The Relaunch of European Defense Cooperation from a Neoclassical Realist Perspective</text>
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                <text>Guha, Silajit</text>
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                <text>Paul, Sudipta</text>
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                <text>With the arrival of graphic revolution, it has become increasingly impossible to draw the lines between personal and political, private and market.  Television, social media and their imitative versions of newspapers have become dependent more on selling the images, literally and metaphorically to negate the pressure of public opinion in public sphere. Media as a social institution, serve the purpose of legitimizing the efforts of hegemony construction by different other social and religious institutions and in the process get involved in producing ‘metalanguage’. The efforts of media to turn everyone into celebrity enjoy the advantage of drawing public attention to farcical and construct an air of simplicity and ease. The emergence of celebrities with the help of pseudo-events in our social world has been able to foster a culture of consumption and leisure. Newspapers, supposedly a more sober and less instantaneous medium are also forced to follow the business rules set by the visual media. The intrinsic difference between a celebrity and a star happens to be one that a celebrity is in most cases incapable of becoming a star, which requires a certain amount of qualities. With the boundary between public and private closing down, the celebrities are in control of public imagination. Their existence in public life has been internalized giving birth to new kind of political discourses. The discursive elements of celebrity discourse are capable of giving birth to a new kind of ‘metalaguage’ also. The article looks into the construction of a celebrity in the pages of India’s most famous English newspapers and tries to analyze how these discursive elements are giving birth to new possibilities of a narcotizing dysfunction or collective amnesia.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.christuniversity.in/index.php/artha/article/view/1547</text>
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                <text>10.12724/ajss.21.4</text>
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                <text>Centre for Publications, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2017 Artha - Journal of Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>Lately, icons have witnessed a growing wave of interest in the view of enhancing transparency and clarity of data processing practices in mandated disclosures. Although benefits in terms of comprehensibility, noticeability, navigability of the information and user’s attention and memorization can be expected, they should also be supported by decisive empirical evidence about the efficacy of the icons in specific contexts. Misrepresentation, oversimplification, and improper salience of certain aspects over others are omnipresent risks that can drive data subjects to wrong conclusions. Cross-domain and international standardization of visual means also poses a serious challenge: if on the one hand developing standards is necessary to ensure widespread recognition and comprehension, each domain and application presents unique features that can be hardly established, and imposed, in a top-down manner. This article critically discusses the above issues and identifies relevant open questions for scientific research. It also provides concrete examples and practical suggestions for researchers and practitioners that aim to implement transparency-enhancing icons in the spirit of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).</text>
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                <text>In response to new socio-political conditions in Malaysia following the general election, Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak launched a reform that brought fundamental changes in the economy and governance in Malaysia. By the end of 2011, there were four reform programs - TNR called it a transformation - covering three programs in the first two years of its administration, namely the introduction of the One Malaysia Concept (1Malaysia), the Government Transformation Program (GTP), and the New Economic Model Model / NEM). Entering the third year (2011) Najib fulfilled it with political reform, including the abolition of the Domestic Security Act (ISA). Reforms are an inescapable choice and an option that is not easy in order to maintain popular support for the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, especially the United Malay National Organization (UMNO), which is ruling. </text>
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                <text>AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 2, No 1 (2017): September 2017 - February 2018</text>
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                <text>Malaysia’s Governance Reforms under PM Najib Razak</text>
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                <text>Speaking skill pedagogy has always remained a huge enigma for English as a Second Language (ESL) educators. Despite the challenges, the need to master the skills prevail in academia. The undergraduates especially those from the technical division seem to grapple with the ability to perform well in their studies and market their products upon employment due to the inability to communicate well in English. Nowadays, there are numerous platforms available for ESL learners to improve their speaking proficiency. Thus, this paper intended to study the effectiveness of using Skype as an online platform to help students enhance their confidence in speaking in English. 100 reflective journals of first year undergraduates who enrolled in an English course were collected. Meanwhile, 10 undergraduates were randomly selected to participate in the semi-structured interview. All the participants’ reflections and views were analyzed and thematized using Transana software. Four main themes emerged: account possession; familiarity; challenges; and features. It was found that many participants were aware of Skype but did not have the account prior to the study. Majority of the participants admitted that Skype activities helped them to converse better which enhanced their motivation to speak in English more confidently and fluently.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Sarala Thulasi Palpanadan, Iqbal Ahmad</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 15 No. 18 (2021); pp. 168-177</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Malaysian Undergraduates’ Perceptions of Online Approach via Skype in Developing Speaking Skills</text>
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                <text>El-Khouly, Mahmoud M.</text>
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                <text>Abou El-Seoud, Samir</text>
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                <text>Since cloud computing technology is growing day by day, it comes with many security problems, especially from threats such as malware. As more services migrate to the cloud architecture, the cloud will become a more appealing target for cyber criminals. In this paper, we present the current threats to the cloud environment, and the proposed detection systems for malware in the cloud environment. We then present a multiple detection system that is aimed at combating the spread of malware by cloud environment.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2017 Mahmoud M. El-Khouly, Samir Abou El-Seoud</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 11 No. 2 (2017); pp. 139-145</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Yeboah, Paul Ntim</text>
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                <text>Musah, Haruna Balle Baz</text>
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                <text>Conventional approaches to tackling malware attacks have proven to be futile at detecting never-before-seen (zero-day) malware. Research however has shown that zero-day malicious files are mostly semantic-preserving variants of already existing malware, which are generated via obfuscation methods. In this paper we propose and evaluate a machine learning based malware detection model using ensemble approach. We employ a strategy of ensemble where multiple feature sets generated from different n-gram sizes of opcode sequences are trained using a single classifier. Model predictions on the trained multi feature sets are weighted and combined on average to make a final verdict on whether a binary file is malicious or benign. To obtain optimal weight combination for the ensemble feature sets, we applied a grid search on a set of pre-defined weights in the range 0 to 1. With a balanced dataset of 2000 samples, an ensemble of n-gram opcode sequences of n sizes 1 and 2 with respective weight pair 0.3 and 0.7 yielded the best detection accuracy of 98.1% using random forest (RF) classifier. Ensemble n-gram sizes 2 and 3 obtained 99.7% as best precision using weight 0.5 for both models.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Paul Ntim Yeboah, Stephen Kweku Amuquandoh, Haruna Balle Baz Musah</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 15 No. 24 (2021); pp. 19-31</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Malware Detection</text>
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                <text>Ensemble</text>
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                <text>Malware Detection Using Ensemble N-gram Opcode Sequences</text>
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                  <text>Artha Journal of Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>Payyappilly, Ignatius</text>
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                <text>This paper is an attempt to explore and analyse the practice of the institution of slavery observed by the Syrian Christian communities in Kerala. There are eighteenth and nineteenth century palm leaf (manuscript) records in the Syrian Christian churches in Kerala establishing the same which needs to be understood in its secular and spiritual senses since these records are evidence of both the secular practice of slavery as a social custom and a religious practice of adima (slave) offering as a spiritual activity. So also, this paper is an attempt to explore and analyse the origin of adimappanam or adimakasu found in the Church records.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.christuniversity.in/index.php/artha/article/view/731</text>
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                <text>Centre for Publications, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="4067">
                <text>Copyright (c) 2016 Artha - Journal of Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>Artha Journal of Social Sciences; Vol. 11 No. 4 (2012): Artha Journal of Social Sciences; 1-23</text>
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                <text>0000-0000</text>
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                <text>0975-329X</text>
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                <text>Man Slaving to Divine: A Socio-religious Custom Gleaned from the Nineteenth Century Palm Leaves</text>
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