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                <text>Sonia Tez Bahadur, Rana</text>
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                <text>The democratic transition of Bhutan is often romanticised in popular media through utopian projection of Gross National Happiness. While it is glorified for its top-down democratisation, it has a flip side with no effective opposition either from the parties or the people. Adhering to the democracy as tailored by the King is viewed by the Bhutanese as a gift to live by without questioning or even criticising. This has largely to do with the policies long adopted by the Bhutanese Royals to develop a strong sense of national loyalty that does not bespoke of any form of opposition. Accordingly in an age of globalisation where people in most democracies vociferously voice their opinions even on the social media platforms, a quiet adherence to government rules and policies in Bhutan gives a mystified picture. A demystification of this phenomenon perhaps lies in the study of the political culture of Bhutan which is unlike that of other democratic countries. Political culture implies the system of beliefs and values that the people have towards their political system. It denotes the emotional attitudinal environment within which the political system operates. Accordingly, the paper will examine the political culture of Bhutan so as to give an insight into its process of democratic transition and functioning. It will attempt to understand the Bhutanese political culture to analyse the danger of inaccurate conclusions based on misconceptions not entirely true to Bhutan’s reality. This article is written with the support of the ICSSR postdoctoral fellowship programme (2018-2019) on ‘Democracy and Nationalism in Bhutan: Challenges and Prospects’.</text>
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                <text>https://journals.christuniversity.in/index.php/artha/article/view/2618</text>
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                <text>Centre for Publications, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore</text>
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                <text>Artha Journal of Social Sciences; Vol. 21 No. 2 (2022): Artha Journal of Social Sciences</text>
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                <text>Political Culture and Democracy in Bhutan: An Insight</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2020): Summer 2020; 184-187</text>
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                <text>Political Leadership and the Indian Armed Forces in Diplomacy and War: by Brigadier (Dr.) M. P. Singh</text>
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                  <text>School of International Relations, President University, Indonesia</text>
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                <text>Rahman, Muhammad Sigit Andhi</text>
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                <text>This is the first such study of the use of Internet by political parties in Indonesia. It also documents parties’ websites performance index and online popularity for campaigning in 2019. The purpose of this comparative study is to look at how the Internet was used by Indonesian political parties approaching the 2019 elections. Internet campaign consists of two parts: online presence through political party website, and political marketing through social media. Total of 16 parties participating the elections next year were examined for how they are utilizing official websites and social media platforms. We created an index based on list of website features (scoring system) and then classify it into 4 variables (information provision, mobilization, engagement, and technological sophistication) containing 43 features. We also visualise the descriptive statistical analysis on parties’ social media accounts using RStudio software. The study found that despite half of Indonesian national population is using the Internet, political parties were not yet achieving their maximum potential in using the digital media to disseminate political messages and propaganda. The quality of most of the websites have been subpar. In addition, the quality seems to have no relationship with the financial resources and the current parliamentary size of political parties. On average, official social media accounts run by parties has only been used in the last 3.25 years. Well-established older parties in Indonesia continue to engage with their constituents without heavily relying on social media. Yet, this situation is very likely to change in the future as parties’ elites are now beginning to look into this platform as they seek out to the millennials for electoral support.</text>
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                <text>http://e-journal.president.ac.id/presunivojs/index.php/AEGIS/article/view/711</text>
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                <text>http://e-journal.president.ac.id/presunivojs/index.php/AEGIS/article/view/711/515</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2019 AEGIS : Journal of International Relations</text>
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                <text>AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 3, No 2 (2019): March - August 2019</text>
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                <text>Political Parties in Indonesia and the Internet: A comparative analysis</text>
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                  <text>ISSN: 1641-4233&#13;
e-ISSN: 2300-8695</text>
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                <text>Sprengel, Mieczysław</text>
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                <text>Relations between Australia and the United States have developed for long time notably during World War II. Over the following decades, cooperation has become more intense as Australians adopt many cultural patterns from the Americans. Australia declared and supported US presidents in military operations, which is why some have called Australia, America’s sheriff for working to stabilize this part of the world. One cannot overlook the personal arrangements between leaders that help shape the dynamic of deepening the mutual relations these two nations. Donald Trump’s personal interactions’ with the Prime Ministers of Australia play a significant role in this regard.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/5250</text>
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                <text>L’objet de cet article est d’analyser les objectifs de la politique de la concurrence au Canada et en Europe relativement à l’objectif d’intégration des marchés intérieur. L’auteur montre que les politiques canadienne et européenne en matière de concurrence n’ont pas les mêmes orientations quant à l’objectif d’intégration des marchés intérieurs. Tandis qu’en Europe, la législation antitrust constitue un moyen pour parvenir à l’objectif essentiel d’édification d’un marché intérieur; au Canada, les règles de la concurrence visent d’abord et avant tout à promouvoir l’efficience économique et à lutter contre le gaspillage des ressources économiques rares. Dans la première partie, l’auteur met en exergue cette différence d’orientation en insistant sur les contextes constitutionnels et historiques qui expliquent cette différence. Dans la seconde partie, l’auteur analyse la nature juridique différente des deux regroupements d’États qui constitue le fondement principal de cette différence. L’auteur démontre que la nature économique du Traité CE a facilité, dès le début, une politique européenne de la concurrence tournée vers l’érection d’un marché intérieur ouvert et concurrentiel. Alors qu’au Canada, la nature politique de la fédération n’a pas permis d’orienter la politique de concurrence vers l’intégration des marchés provinciaux.
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Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i1.165</text>
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                <text>The article discusses a unique Polish-state institution functioning in the interwar period, the Polish Committee for Sports Events in Berlin (PKISB). Through sport, its representatives channelled the ambition to shape Poland’s favourable image in the German Reich which was hostile to the Second Polish Republic. In the long run, the Committee proved to be an instrument for improving general Polish-German relations. The article focuses on an initial phase of PKISB activity, when, after Adolf Hitler came to power, the future of political relations between the hitherto antagonised neighbours was at stake. The activities of this institution have been analysed mainly with reference to football as the most popular sport in Poland and Germany.</text>
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                <text>Artykuł poddaje omówieniu wyjątkową polską instytucję państwową działającą w okresie międzywojennym, Polski Komitet Imprez Sportowych w Berlinie (PKISB). Jej przedstawiciele poprzez sport realizowali ambicję kształtowania korzystnego wizerunku Polski we wrogiej II RP Rzeszy Niemieckiej. W dłuższej perspektywie Komitet okazał się narzędziem poprawy ogólnych stosunków polsko-niemieckich. Artykuł koncentruje się na początkowej fazie działalności PKISB, kiedy po dojściu do władzy Adolfa Hitlera stawką była przyszłość stosunków politycznych między dotychczas skłóconymi sąsiadami. Działalność tej instytucji została przeanalizowana głównie w odniesieniu do piłki nożnej jako najpopularniejszego sportu w Polsce i Niemczech.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 27 No. 1 (2021): Humankind in the Past, the Present and the Future; 119-150</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 27 Nr 1 (2021): Człowiek w przeszłości, teraźniejszości i przyszłości; 119-150</text>
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                <text>Polski Komitet Imprez Sportowych w Berlinie na drodze ku normalizacji polsko-niemieckich stosunków politycznych (1932–1934). Polityczne kulisy pierwszego w historii meczu piłkarskiego reprezentacji Polski i Niemiec</text>
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                <text>Polygynous families had been living legally in Russia in the areas inhabited by Muslims from the October Revolution to the mid-twentieth century. However, such a family model was not common among the followers of Islam. An act penalizing bigamy or polygamy was introduced into the Penal Code in 1960. During perestroika, and later changes in the political system, imams who came from abroad began to visit areas inhabited by Muslims. They contributed to the rebirth of religion and promoted the idea of po­lygamy. Polygyny is the visible sign of dissimilarity and Muslim identity and was an important point in their teaching. In this context the number of polygynous relationships in Russia has increased significantly. The article is dedicated to the analysis of social and political discourse in Russia that has been taking place for several years.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 21 No. 1 (2018): The Political and Social Problems of the Contemporary Middle East and its Neighbouring Areas; 141-155</text>
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                <text>the Census</text>
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                <text>discussion about the legalisation of polygyny</text>
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                <text>Polygyny Amongst Muslims in the Russian Federation</text>
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                <text>Drawing from different academic disciplines this article addresses a mainstream genre of popular music in post-Yugoslav Serbia as a mirrorof the neocolonial processes of “thirdworldization” of small cultures which share a marginal position in the globalized world order. This once despised form of popular entertainment has been acknowledged as a complex cultural phenomenon, deeply connected to the questions of cultural and political legitimacy. I trace its historic roots in socialist Yugoslavia connecting it with the processes of modernization and post-World War II social transformations of the country. I discuss the rise of “turbo-folk” in Serbia in the context of the dissolution ofYugoslavia in the 1990s and the genre’s controversial role both in Serbia and in other former Yugoslav republics. I look at the association of turbo-folk with the global processes of “thirdworldization” and concepts of crypto-colonialism and self-colonization. Finally, I discuss “turbo-folk” as a tool for cultural legitimization of the new political and economic elites of post-socialist Serbia in analogy with similar cultural forms which emerge throughout the global post-socialist “South”.</text>
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                <text>Artha Journal of Social Sciences; Vol. 20 No. 2 (2021): Artha Journal of Social Sciences; 17 - 35</text>
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                  <text>School of International Relations, President University, Indonesia</text>
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                <text>This paper discusses the development of institutions within international political economy over the course of the last 70 years. From World War II to the present, states have constructed regimes to manage some-but not all-aspects of the international economy. A once-strong regime to manage trade has weakened since the 1990s. Likewise, with the abandonment of dollar-gold convertibility in 1973, a robust regime to manage monetary relations collapsed. Conversely, states originally left finance unregulated but in 1988 created and progressively have strengthened rules to manage international banking. In production, the proposed Multilateral Agreement on Investment collapsed in 1998 without ever securing necessary multilateral support. Despite the variations, those institutions are the manifestation of the idea of embedded liberalism, a compromise between the need of developing a self-regulated market and providing economic security for the communities. Arguably, the development and variations in institutions are by and large shaped by the changes in international power structure and social purposes of the institutions. Furthermore, this paper also wants to address the prospect of embedded liberalism especially in the context of recent rise of populism and democratic rejection against free trade as reaction toward the results of globalization. It is too soon to argue about the end of embedded liberalism. This paper is structured into two main parts. The first part is a conceptual framework discussing the nature of institutions and its variations. It is mainly built from the work of John G. Ruggie on international institution. The second part is an empirical analysis of to what extent states are able to renew the promise of embedded liberalism in order to address citizens’ dissatisfaction with globalization and growing sense of political helplessness. This last section is indebted to Amitai Etzioni for developing communitarian solutions to populism.</text>
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                <text>AEGIS : Journal of International Relations; Vol 2, No 1 (2017): September 2017 - February 2018</text>
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                <text>2548-4532</text>
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                <text>Populism and the Fading Embedded Liberalism?</text>
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