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                  <text>National University of Ireland, Maynooth</text>
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                <text>Deery, James</text>
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                <text>The majority of the historiography concerning the Irish contribution to the British army during their campaign on the Iberian Peninsula (1808 -1814) has focused on the Irish regiments and their service with Wellington in Portugal, Spain and France. While the significance of research into these regiments is undeniable it has unintentionally resulted in an under appreciation of the true extent of the Irish soldier’s contribution. The purpose of this paper is to add to the existing historiography by examining the wider Irish contribution in order to arrive at an empirical based assessment as to the criticality of the Irish soldier to Wellington’s victory during the Peninsula war.&amp;nbsp;
The majority of Irish soldiers who served in the Peninsula did so in English and Scottish infantry regiments. Their abilities and crucially their integration into the British army were key success factors for Wellington during the Peninsula campaign. An examination of how this was achieved forms a key part of this paper which finds that the capabilities of the Irish soldier and the British army organisational structure and system mutually supported each other. Furthermore, the Irish officer’s contribution has only been assessed based on individual accounts and narratives in the absence of any in-depth evaluation of their actual numbers. With over 30 per cent of Wellington’s officers being Irish an analysis of their levels of command was undertaken to demonstrate their significance to the overall conduct and operation of the Peninsula army. To fully understand the Irish soldier’s contribution an assessment of their combat effectiveness building on the preceding quantitative findings and utilising modern concepts of combat motivation and behaviours was undertaken.
The findings indicate that while the Irish soldier’s contribution was much wider and central to victory in 1814 than is generally appreciated or understood, the British army of the period recognised its importance and, despite popular misperceptions, did not at an institutional level seek to discriminate against the Irish soldier. The paper concludes that Irish soldiers were of critical importance to British victory not only in terms of their numbers but also due to their successful integration into the wider British army outside of Irish regiments, their presence in large numbers at all levels of command and their overall combat effectiveness. Without this contribution it can be argued that British victory would not have been achieved in the Peninsula.</text>
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                <text>Journal Of Military History and Defence Studies; Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Journal of Military History and Defence Studies, January 2020</text>
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                <text>2712-0171</text>
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                <text>Peninsula Campaign</text>
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                <text>Irish</text>
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                <text>The contribution of the Irish soldier to the British Army during the Peninsula campaign 1808 – 1814</text>
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                <text>The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 put governments under pressure toswiftly introduce measures to protect citizens and react appropriately to theemerging threat. This paper focuses on geo-location tracking mobile phoneapplications developed in the Czech Republic and Austria to monitorpersonal movement of those positively tested for COVID-19 to prevent thefurther spread of the disease. The aim of the analysis is to answer thequestion of whether the appsʼ functionalities complied with the EU dataprotection standards and to what extent the citizensʼ right to control thecollection, evaluation and preservation of their personal data has beenviolated. Both countries belonged to the pioneers in COVID-19 apps. Whilethey differed in several areas such as the legal and political circumstancesunder which the apps were developed and public communication,similarities between them were identified in the area of public trust in theapps and their utilisation. In both countries, certain illiberal issues wererecognised as well.</text>
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                <text>The corona crisis, data protection and tracking apps in the EU: the Czech and Austrian COVID-19 mobile phone apps in the battle against the virus</text>
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                <text>The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly reshaped debates on the globalorder, democratic politics and the liberal mode of governing societies. Somehave compared the virus to the “ultimate empty signifier”, which alloweddifficult ideological groups to fill it with their own securitizations, creating inan instant a plethora of political otherings. For IR realists, the suddencollapse of cross-border movement and other privileges of the globalizedliberal elite came as a vindication of their long-cherished argument: thenation state remains the key actor in international politics, and the post-national world had largely been a utopian liberal illusion. Right-wingnationalist populists have been saying the same thing but in a differentlanguage and were apt to make COVID-19 instrumental to their purposes.Thus, Viktor Orbán quickly linked it to the agenda of migration and used thestate of exception as a pretext to further limit the democratic process inHungary. However, as students of populism have also stressed, the populistresponse to the pandemic has been far from uniform. In a yet broaderperspective, while some democratic governments enacted draconianmeasures in response to the pandemic, suspending basic individualfreedoms, some dictatorships like Belarus experienced a sudden “flow ofliberalism“, refusing to cut down on both economic activity and cross-border movement. This special issue focuses on comparing the liberal andilliberal reactions (both domestic and international) to the pandemic,looking into how it has affected the democratic and non-democratic formsof governance; examining where the responses have been similar oroverlapping, i.e. where COVID-19 has practically blurred or erased theborder between liberal and illiberal politics; looking into how different typesof regimes and political groupings have borrowed new elements and stylesof politics, e.g. in which circumstances populist or autocratic politicianssuddenly seemed more liberal than their liberal and democraticcounterparts; and investigating the ramifications of these changes for theliberal components of the globalized international order.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 4 (2020); 5-10</text>
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                <text>In this article, we discuss the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic as abiopolitical challenge that – along the lines of the contemporary academicdebate on biopower – may be approached through the concepts ofsovereignty and governmentality. Within this general framework, theauthors look at the challenges Russia faces due to the corona crisis fromthe viewpoint of domestic transformations within the ruling regime, mainlyfocusing on center – periphery relations as a core element of the powerstructure in Russia that demands a stronger emphasis on governmentality.We outline several forms of regions’ distancing from the federal center:digital empowerment, the resistance of the North, and the demand for"people’s governors". Our main conclusion is that the relative administrativeautonomy obtained by the regions reflects the ongoing process ofdecentralization of the Russian political system which will affect thestructural characteristics of Russian federalism in the future.</text>
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