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                <text>The Permanent President of the European Council represents the most important institutional development in the EU during the last decade. This paper attempts to apply the contingency model of leadership, developed by Schout and Vanhoonacker (2001) for the study of the sixth-month nation-state Presidencies of the Council of Ministers, to the operation of the office of the Permanent President during the current Eurozone crisis. The findings from the application of the model are then related to the broader principal-agent theory. The author argues that with a non-national and longer-serving President at the helm of the European Council, there is an improved balance and relationship between the demand for, and provision (supply) of, leadership on the part of the Permanent President. This, in the author's view, has implications for the principal- agent relationship that undergirds the functioning of executive institutions such as the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
&amp;nbsp;
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v8i1.226</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2013: RERA V8:1 Fall 2013 (backfile abstracts)</text>
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                <text>The paper shows mechanisms and manifestations of the challenges for the security in the South American Tri-Border Area (Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina). It analyses the background of the activity of chosen organized crime and terrorist groups in this region. The article refers to some social and economic conditions for the spread of violence and illegal business in the area. It is focused on the most important dimensions of these problems and on the strategy implemented by South American governments to fight and prevent organized crime. The paper shows how the security forces deal with the threat and evaluate the impact of these efforts.</text>
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                <text>This response to Ashleigh Bagshaw’s article in this volume entitled ‘Exploring the Implications of Gender Identification for Transgender People under Australian Law’ seeks to humanise the experiences that sit behind the judicial determination of gender recognition in case law. It argues that there is room for considerable improvement in the understanding that legal decision makers have about the lived experiences of gender independent people. The article begins in Part I by clarifying the distinction between sex and gender and points out that neither concept is binary. Part II explains some persistent problems with the judicial approach to the question of gender identity and tells the stories of the humans behind the cases. It concludes that the pathologised approach to gender independence places unnecessary obstacles in the way of people who could benefit from legal recognition of their gender identity.</text>
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                <text>THE PROBLEMATIC JUDICIAL VIEW OF GENDER DIVERSITY</text>
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                <text>This article analyzes the role of the European Union (EU) and Canada in the promotion of Security Sector Reforms (SSR) activities in two regional organizations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The concept of SSR seeks to address the effective governance of security in post-conflict environment by transforming the security institutions within a country in order for them to have more efficient, legitimate and democratic role in implementing security. Recent debates within the EU have led to the adoption of an SSR concept from the Council and a new strategy from the European Commission on the SSR activities. Within the framework of the ESDP, the EU has positioned itself as a leading actor, in this domain, including in its crisis management operations. On the other hand, Canada, through its whole-of government and human security programs has also been an important actor in the promotion of SSR activities. Yet, even though several international organizations (including the United Nations, the OSCE and NATO) are effectively doing SSR activities on the ground, there does not exist a common framework within any of these organizations despite the role of the EU and Canada. As such, it is surprising to found no global common policy for SSR while this approach is precisely holistic in its foundations. Taking these elements into consideration, this paper analyzes two specific aspects : a) the absence of a common policy framework within international organizations and b) the major differences between the approaches of the OSCE and NATO in the domain of SSR and the implications for the EU and Canada’ roles.
&amp;nbsp;
Full extt available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.186</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/5253/4932</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 23 No. 1 (2019): International Responses to President Trump’s Foreign Policy: The First Two Years; 161-182</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 23 Nr 1 (2019): International Responses to President Trump’s Foreign Policy: The First Two Years; 161-182</text>
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                <text>2300-8695</text>
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                <text>1641-4233</text>
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                <text>Trade War</text>
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                <text>The Redefinition of Foreign Policy of the United States since Trump’s Election: The Case of Trade War with China</text>
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                  <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)</text>
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                <text>Behforouz, Behnam</text>
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                <text>Frumuselu, Anca Daniela</text>
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                <text>This paper investigates the efficiency of using text messaging in the EFL reading classroom at the Islamic Azad University-South Tehran Branch, Iran. After the administration of an Oxford Placement Test (OPT), 74 participants who scored one standard deviation above and below the mean were selected. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups, an experimental and a control, each including 37 individuals. The reading part of the Preliminary English Test (PET) was administered as a pretest. The experimental group received 108 words via short messages during 18 sessions. During each session, they received 6 sentences with 6 words in a meaningful context. In contrast, the participants of the control group received traditional instruction. They were given the same structural points through inductive and deductive instruction in the classroom and the words were presented while teaching each unit. After the treatment, the participants in both groups were assigned to do a reading posttest. The results of the ANCOVA revealed no statistically significant difference between the control and the experimental groups regarding their reading scores. Thus, the vocabulary learning via short message did not have any significant effect on Iranian EFL learners' ability to comprehend pre-intermediate level texts.</text>
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                <text>https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jim/article/view/18309</text>
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                <text>10.3991/ijim.v15i01.18309</text>
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                <text>eng</text>
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                <text>International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE), Vienna, Austria</text>
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                <text>https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jim/article/view/18309/8533</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Behnam Behforouz, Anca Daniela Frumuselu</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 15 No. 01 (2021); pp. 88-104</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>The Reflection of Vocabulary Implementation Through Educational Texting on EFL Learner’s Reading Skill</text>
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