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                  <text>Liberal Studies</text>
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                  <text>School of Liberal Studies, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, India</text>
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                <text>Tripathi, Anurag</text>
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                <text>Mandara, B.M.</text>
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                <text>Suresh, Anjana Mary</text>
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                <text>Turkmenistan is a Central Asian country that largely depends upon agriculture and is enriched with natural resources like natural gas, petroleum, salt, and sulphur. The country has the sixth-largest natural gas reserves. Since its independence in 1991, the country follows a&amp;amp;nbsp;‘positive neutrality'&amp;amp;nbsp;policy to avoid external interference in its domestic affairs. The country always acts as a mediator to maintain peace and stability. During the period of Niyazov, he used this neutrality policy to enforce his control over the country and isolate the country from the rest of the world. With the entry of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow into power in 2006, he tried to liberalize the economy as well as maintain the neutrality policy. So the ‘positive neutrality' adopted by Turkmenistan has had a different impact on its economy during different periods. Along with the isolationist policy, on one hand, Turkmenistan also emphasizes maintaining bilateral relations with other countries. This study is an attempt to analyze Turkmenistan's ‘positive neutrality' policy and its bilateral relations with the other countries with a special focus on India.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4318638</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2020 Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, India</text>
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                <text>Liberal Studies; Vol. 5 No. 1 (2020): January–June 2020; 131-146</text>
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                <text>Turkmenistan's Positive Neutrality and Its Bilateral Relations: Special Focus on India</text>
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e-ISSN: 2300-8695</text>
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                <text>During the years 1989-1991, after a deep transformation of the internal system and the international order in Europe, Poland pursued a sovereign foreign policy. The new policy had the following general goals: 1) to develop a new international security system which would guarantee Poland’s national security; 2) to gain diplomatic support for the reforms conducted in Poland, including primarily the transformation of the economy and its adaption to free market mechanisms, which were designed to result in economic growth; and 3) to maintain and increase the international prestige of Poland and the Poles, who had been the first to commence the struggle to create a democratic civil society in the Eastern bloc. Implementing this new concept of foreign policy, Poland entered the Council of Europe in November 1991. The following year, Warsaw started to strive for membership of NATO, which was achieved in March 1999. A few years later, Polish leaders pursued policies in which Poland played the role of a “Trojan horse” for the USA. This was manifested most clearly during the Iraqi crisis of 2003, and in the following years, particularly in 2005-2007. From spring 1990 Poland aspired to integration with the European Community; in December of the following year it signed an association agreement, which fully entered into force in February 1994. In the period 1998-2002 Poland negotiated successfully with the European Union and finally entered this Union in May 2004. In subsequent years Poland adopted an Eurosceptic and sometimes anti-EU position. The new Polish government, established after the parliamentary election of autumn 2007, moved away from an Eurosceptic policy and pursued a policy of engagement with European integration.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 33-47</text>
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                <text>Poland’s foreign policy</text>
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                <text>Twenty Years of Poland's Euro-Atlantic Foreign Policy</text>
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                <text>Al Sabaawi, Ali M. Ahmed</text>
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                <text>Yenice, Yusuf Erkan</text>
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                <text>Recently, Recommender Systems (RSs) have attracted many researchers whose goal is to improve the performance of the prediction accuracy of recommendation systems by alleviating RSs drawbacks. The most common limitations are sparsity and the cold-start problem. This article proposes two models to mitigate the effects of these limitations. The proposed models exploit five sources of information: rating information, which involves two sources, namely explicit and implicit, which can be extracted via users’ ratings, and two types of social relations: explicit and implicit relations, the last source is confidence values that are included in the first model only. The whole sources are combined into the Singular Value Decomposition plus (SVD++) method. First, to extract implicit relations, each non-friend pair of users, the Multi-Steps Resource Allocation (MSRA) method is adopted to compute the probability of being friends. If the probability has accepted value which exceeds a threshold, an implicit relationship will be created. Second, the similarity of explicit and implicit social relationships for each pair of users is computed. Regarding the first model, a confidence value between each pair of users is computed by dividing the number of common items by the total number of items which have also rated by the first user of this pair. The confidence values are combined with the similarity values to produce the weight factor. Furthermore, the weight factor, explicit, and implicit feedback information are integrated into the SVD++ method to compute the missing prediction values. Additionally, three standard datasets are utilized in this study, namely Last.Fm, Ciao, and FilmTrust, to evaluate our models. The experimental results have revealed that the proposed models outperformed state-of-the-art approaches in terms of accuracy.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 Ali M. Ahmed Al Sabaawi, Hacer KARACAN, Yusuf Erkan YENİCE</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 15 No. 01 (2021); pp. 70-87</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Two Models Based on Social Relations and SVD++ Method for Recommendation System</text>
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                <text>Afghanistan, a catastrophe in Iraq that helped destabilize vast swaths of the Middle East, an unconstitutional war in Libya that created a power vacuum exploited by ISIS, and a drone war that has killed hundreds of innocents in a half-dozen countries. The last two presidents campaigned against wars and won. The more interventionist candidate had lost every election since 2008. On 20 January 2017 Donald J. Trump is inaugurated as nation‟s 45th U.S President, and currently he is desperate. He is flailing from failure to failure in domestic policy, with dismal approval ratings and no clear way to increase them, except by trying to exploit the American public‟s historic tendency to rally around a president at war in implementing the U.S foreign policy. There has never been a stronger case for preemptively reining in a president‟s ability to unilaterally launch military strikes on foreign countries that are not attacking the U.S. To allow a man of Trump‟s character to retain that power, after its expansion by decades of presidents who pushed it beyond the bounds of the Constitution, would be folly.</text>
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                <text>The United States, as a leading world power, has to face China – an emerging powerful rival. The potential of both states’ power is measured by universal indicators. On a military level, these indicators are: military expenditure, soldiers/reserve/soldiers abroad, offensive weapons, nuclear warheads. On an economic level: GDP value, reserve currency/public debt to GNP, direct investment home and abroad. With regard soft power, six categories have been taken into consideration: diplomacy, socio-political, socio-economic, education, high and popular culture. All of the three researched levels were correlated with both states’ political system specificity and the character of the international arena’s relations. It allowed for the assessment of the current levels of both states’ power as well as their future prospects.</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2018 International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 39-50</text>
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                <text>Hard and soft power</text>
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                <text>U.S. and China: Hard and Soft Power Potential</text>
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                <text>Husenicova, Lucia</text>
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                <text>The U.S. relations to Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) are since the end of the Cold War revolving around achieving a state of nuclear free Korean peninsula. As non-proliferation is a long term of American foreign policy, relations to North Korea could be categorized primarily under this umbrella. However, the issue of North Korean political system also plays role as it belongs to the other important, more normative category of U.S. foreign policy which is the protection of human rights and spreading of democracy and liberal values. In addition, the North Korean issue influences U.S. relations and interests in broader region of Northeast Asia, its bilateral alliances with South Korea (Republic of Korea, ROK) and Japan as well as sensitive and complex relations to People’s Republic of China. As the current administration of president Donald J. Trump published its National security strategy and was fully occupied with the situation on Korean peninsula in its first year, the aim of the paper is to analyse the changes in evolution of U.S. North Korean policy under last three administrations, look at the different strategies adopted in order to achieve the same aim, the denuclearization. The paper does not provide a thorough analysis, neither looks at all documents adopted and presented in the U.S. or within the U.N. It more focuses on the general principles of particular strategies, most significant events in mutual relations as recorded by involved gov­ernmental officials and also weaknesses of these strategies as none has achieved desirable result. In conclusion, several options for current administration are drawn, however all of them require significant compromises and could be accompanied with series of setbacks dangerous for regional stability and U.S. position in the region.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 22 No. 1 (2018): U.S.-China Relations Towards Bipolarity?; 65-84</text>
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                <text>U.S. Foreign Policy Towards North Korea</text>
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                <text>At any time in history, the concepts of waging a war keep changing by the centuries. It adapts its hue to the socio-political environment and the current military capabilities prevalent in the zone of conflict. Modern wars are characterised by swift and intense conflicts unlike the long-enduring battles of the past. The battles are unlikely to be openly declared wars on another nation or entity but border on small intrusions and incursions. The present-day environment has witnessed the concept of multi-state armies fighting under one umbrella as happened in the Gulf War and Global War on Terror (GWOT) in Afghanistan. Moreover, the emerging hybrid nature of warfare beckons the use of innovative ways of fighting in conventional as well as unconventional conflicts, as we witness on the Northern borders of our country.</text>
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                <text>CLAWS Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2020): Summer 2020; 65-84</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 14 No. 13 (2020); pp. 200-212</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Ubiquitous Learning Environment for Smart Improving Disruption Activities in Classroom on Media</text>
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                <text>Abstract—In this paper, we are interested in the transformation of a face-to-face active course into a web-based active course. Indeed, distance education has been rapidly become more important around the world due to the development of Information and Communication Technology. 
However, the roles of these later must evolve to accommodate these new models, with increased student responsibility and accountability.
First, we reports on the experience of Constantine1 University in the development of ‘Electric oscillator circuit’ on-line course via the Moodle platform. We describe the different stages of the online course and highlights its possibility, which is not available in the face-to-face courses.
Second, we present the remote lab of UC1 University, which is developed under eSience project. It aims to develop remote labs in the Maghreb country and to link them.
Therefore, we focus on the implementation of ‘Wien Bridge Oscillator’ experiment, which is deployed on the interactive version of iLab Shared Architecture (ISA).</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2017 Saida Latreche, Zehira Ziari, Smail Mouissat</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 9 No. 2 (2015); pp. 9-12</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>UC1 Oscillator Remote Lab for Distant Electronics Education</text>
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                <text>Lipińska, Klaudia</text>
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                <text>The article aims to present the events related to the coup d’état in Myanmar in 2021 and the role of women participating in the protests against this coup. The Burmese state has been struggling with many problems since its independence from the colonial rule. One of them is the continued activity of the military junta in the country’s politics. The junta ruled the country continuously from 1962 to 2011, when a democratic party took power and a civilian leader was appointed. However, the time of democracy did not last long, because on February 1, 2021, the junta staged a coup d’état and took power again. This met with discontent among the citizens, who began organizing pro-democracy protests and resisting the regime. One of the leading groups of protesters were women. They accounted for more than half of the protesters and were often the leaders of protest marches. Their high activity in protests results not only from the desire to overthrow the junta, but also from the need to fight for equality rights in a patriarchal country.</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 28 No. 2 (2021): Essays on Society in South-Eastern Asia; 49-61</text>
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