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                <text>Zyla, Benjamin</text>
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                <text>Soon after the terrorist attacks on September 11th, the Bush administration announced a new national security strategy. Soon thereafter, this strategic document was denounced in European capitals as ‘cowboyesk’ and isolationist. Particular dislike was announced about the strategy of pre-emption in domestic affairs of other states. Under this plan Washington reserved the right to send U.S. soldiers abroad to intervene in countries before they can pose a threat to the United States. In addition, many officials in Europe rejected Washington’s assertion of withdrawing from its membership in the international criminal court, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, and the Kyoto Protocol; it was perceived as a unilateralist foreign policy that rejects America’s responsibility in the world. However, what some analysts and commentators neglect to see is that the Bush doctrine also shows elements of Wilsonianism, a policy named after former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson who stood for promoting democracy, human rights, freedom and effective in international affairs. The European Union published their first security strategy a year after the U.S. published theirs. Interestingly, Brussels advocated similar strategies and concepts to the US strategy. Similarities can be see in both strategies in their messianic approach to create a better world and promote more international oder. This paper argues that despite the unilateralist tone of the current U.S. national security policy, the European strategy and its American counterpart share the same values of how to conduct and what to achieve in international affairs. Consequently, the two strategies can be seen as complementary to each other, not contradictory. The paper will first address the nature of the U.S. national security strategy before analyzing the European security strategy while making reference, in both cases, to the Wilsonian tradition of international affairs.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i2.168</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:2 The European Union External and Security Relations (backfile abstracts)</text>
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                <text>How the EU supports the Bush doctrine</text>
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                <text>Současná nestabilita arabského světa se projevuje různě: revolucemi,politickým islámem, terorismem, migrací a hroucením celých států.Kniha vysvětluje kořeny nestability s pomocí teoreticky původní a empirickypodložené historicko-sociologické srovnávací analýzy. Ta vychází z teze ovysoce nerovnoměrném tempu změn v jednotlivých dimenzíchmodernizace. Jedná se tak o důsledek rychlých socio-demografických změn,jako je populační růst, urbanizace, expanze médií a vzdělanosti,pomalejšího vývoje hospodářství, neznatelné či regresivní politické změnyprojevující se erozí schopnosti států vládnout či absencí demokratizace.Výsledkem je kumulace společenského napětí, jež se manifestuje trojímdeficitem: prosperity, demokracie a bezpečí.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 54 No. 3 (2019); 74-78</text>
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                <text>Karel Černý: Velká blízkovýchodní nestabilita: Arabské jaro, porevoluční chaos a nerovnoměrná modernizace 1950-2015</text>
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                <text>This Handbook maps the contours of an exciting and burgeoning interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of language and languages in situations of conflict. It explores conceptual approaches, sources of information that are available, and the institutions and actors that mediate language encounters. It examines case studies of the role that languages have played in specific conflicts, from colonial times through to the Middle East and Africa today. The contributors provide vibrant evidence to challenge the monolingual assumptions that have affected traditional viewsof war and conflict. They show that languages are woven into every aspect of the making of war and peace, and demonstrate how language shapes public policy and military strategy, setting frameworks and expectations.The Handbook's 22 chapters powerfully illustrate how the encounter between languages is integral to almost all conflicts, to every phase of military operations and to the lived experiences of those on the ground, who meet, work and fight with speakers of other languages. Thiscomprehensive work will appeal to scholars from across the disciplines of linguistics, translation studies, history, and international relations; and provide fresh insights for a broad range of practitioners interested in understanding the role and implications of foreign languages in war.</text>
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                <text>Czech Journal of International Relations; Vol. 55 No. 2 (2020); 76-79</text>
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                <text>Michael Kelly, Hilary Footitt, Myriam Salama-Carr (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict</text>
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                <text>Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław</text>
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                <text>This article is devoted to the roots of the developments that have taken place in Ukraine since Autumn 2013 and up to the Russian invasion. It stresses the historical differences between Ukraine and Russia, presents the international milieu of Ukrainian independence in the years 1991–2013, and ends with a description of the nature of the Maidan revolution and the pan-European challenge created by the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The main thesis is that the struggle for Ukraine ends the post-Cold War epoch marked with an illusion of eternal peace in Europe and with the groundless hope for Russian imperialism to expire.</text>
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                <text>During the years 1989-1991, after a deep transformation of the internal system and the international order in Europe, Poland pursued a sovereign foreign policy. The new policy had the following general goals: 1) to develop a new international security system which would guarantee Poland’s national security; 2) to gain diplomatic support for the reforms conducted in Poland, including primarily the transformation of the economy and its adaption to free market mechanisms, which were designed to result in economic growth; and 3) to maintain and increase the international prestige of Poland and the Poles, who had been the first to commence the struggle to create a democratic civil society in the Eastern bloc. Implementing this new concept of foreign policy, Poland entered the Council of Europe in November 1991. The following year, Warsaw started to strive for membership of NATO, which was achieved in March 1999. A few years later, Polish leaders pursued policies in which Poland played the role of a “Trojan horse” for the USA. This was manifested most clearly during the Iraqi crisis of 2003, and in the following years, particularly in 2005-2007. From spring 1990 Poland aspired to integration with the European Community; in December of the following year it signed an association agreement, which fully entered into force in February 1994. In the period 1998-2002 Poland negotiated successfully with the European Union and finally entered this Union in May 2004. In subsequent years Poland adopted an Eurosceptic and sometimes anti-EU position. The new Polish government, established after the parliamentary election of autumn 2007, moved away from an Eurosceptic policy and pursued a policy of engagement with European integration.</text>
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                <text>https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/international/article/view/7047/6690</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Vol. 13 No. 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 33-47</text>
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                <text>International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; Tom 13 Nr 1 (2011): Two Decades of Transformation; 33-47</text>
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                <text>Poland’s foreign policy</text>
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                <text>Twenty Years of Poland's Euro-Atlantic Foreign Policy</text>
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                <text>Since the 1990s, the EU has been gradually transferring to neighbouring countries parts of the burden of securing its internal order from illegal migrants, terrorists, criminal groups and other “threats.” It has done so using policy transfers and foreign relations mechanisms. The European Union, seeking to create an “area of freedom, security, and justice” in the region, exports the burden of migration management to its neighbouring countries and thus creates security threats – if not real then perceived – for these countries. The case of Ukraine demonstrates that EU policies of shifting the burden of international migration management to its neighbours can destabilize the societal security of countries that lack the experience and instruments to effectively deal with migration. Rather than shifting the burden of responsibility to the neighbouring states, the EU should prioritize co-operation and assistance to expand the area of freedom, justice and security on the European continent.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i2.169</text>
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                <text>Centre for European Studies, Carleton University</text>
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                <text>Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies; 2006: RERA V2:2 The European Union External and Security Relations (backfile abstracts)</text>
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                <text>2562-8429</text>
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                <text>Externalities of the EU Immigration and Asylum Policy: The Case of Ukraine</text>
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                  <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM)</text>
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                <text>Zhang, Xiaodong</text>
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                <text>Mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) is popular worldwide. One related issue under discussion is how to effectively harness mobile devices to help English writers. This paper first unpacks writing as a meaning making process from the perspective of systemic functional linguistics. It then summarizes the major MALL-based studies on writing instruction, including the affordances and challenges of MALL-based writing instruction. This paper then discusses how to address challenges as identified in the existing studies on MALL-based writing instruction, centering on writing as a meaning making process. The paper ends with pedagogical tips for educators who are interested in using mobile technology to comprehensively improve students’ English writing construction across different contexts.</text>
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                <text>https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jim/article/view/21519</text>
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                <text>International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE), Vienna, Austria</text>
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                <text>Copyright (c) 2021 xiaodong Zhang</text>
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                <text>International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM); Vol. 15 No. 10 (2021); pp. 194-207</text>
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                <text>1865-7923</text>
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                <text>Mobile-Assisted Writing Instruction: Affordances, Challenges, and Future Directions</text>
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